Engineering and Technology Journal

groundwater aquifers is mostly effected from landfills due to intrusion of leachate from its base b. Active surface of landfills represents main source for leachate generation during rains or may be due to direct contact with groundwater, leading to the transport 5 pollutants from landfill which is intrudes to the aquifer under the landfill. In this research a 3-dimensional simulation models was constructed and calibrated to characterize groundwater flow and leachate pollution transport from Basrah province main landfill site. The selected study area is Al-Rafdhia landfill site, which is lie at Al-Zubair district (southern part of Iraq at Basrah). The model used in the simulation was Visual MODFLOW finite difference approach. All the required landfill and aquifer parameters, stressing and recharge estimates from field and laboratories works, Basrah climate data, observations, soil investigation reports and previous studies for the same region and then used in the model or adjusted by calibration. Six-month observation period was achieved to estimate the monthly state variables data such as heads and physical-chemical leachate and groundwater characteristics by measurement and sampling from the groundwater selected wells. Many soils and water samples were collected to know the aquifer characteristics and analyze the pollutants concentration values.
Accordingly, the calibrated model was used to simulate the flow and pollution transport at current year and then used for prediction of future changes in water levels and landfill contaminant transport in the aquifer for planning period of 15 future years. The final simulation and predication results show that the landfill represent main source of contamination and the pollution would occur in the aquifer at high levels and with approximate lateral transporting of 285 m/year if the current state of solid waste disposal continue with increase of pumping from the aquifer from its current rate with future. The groundwater flow and concentration profiles for pollutants with time and spaces from the pollution sources was predicated and a 3-D representation were done for pollutants spreading for specific pollutants.

In this paper, two landfill disposal sites proposed by the Mosul municipality were compared, assessed and designated the east and west landfill sites, respectively. Forty selected parameters related to landfill site suitability were used for the comparison. The suitability of the site for each parameter was graded as “poor,” “fair,” “good,” or “excellent,” depending on the adequacy of the parameter relative to guidelines and landfill criteria. The proposed sites appeared to meet most of the criteria required for similar facilities. Based on the soil characteristics, groundwater quality, area capacity, and other specific parameters, however, the proposed east landfill site is superior to the west landfill site. Mixed and area method models seemed suitable for these sites. The results indicated that soil cover is urgently needed for the west site and, to a lesser degree, the east site. Calculations based on Iraqi experience in landfill construction revealed that the east landfill site can be operated for 10 years, with 7 m of waste high. For the west landfill site, the height of waste for the same period approaches 15 m. Due to the complexity of the site topography, high cost burden, and lack of experience in implementing such project, it would be necessary to operate this site for 5 years with a waste height of 6.5 m. Importantly, the findings of the study reveal no evidence for potential groundwater contamination. It is concluded that construction of a proper sanitary landfill site for integrated solid waste management is a major necessity and should be a priority for the city of Mosul.

One of the serious and growing potential problems in most large urban areas is the shortage of land for waste disposal. Although there are some efforts to reduce and recover the waste, disposal in landfills is still the most common method for solid wastes destination. Optimized siting decision reduces negative effects to residents living in its vicinity, thereby enhancing the overall sustainability associated with the life cycle of a landfill. In this study, candidate sites for an appropriate landfill area in Kerbala are determined by using the integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and multi- criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Eight input digital map layers including urban centers, Hamlets, industrial areas, sub roads, wetlands, pipe line, soil characteristics, and surface water are produced using a geographical information system. Simple additive weighing method (SAW) within (MCDA) is used to analyze the prepared maps and produce final suitability map. According to the digital maps produced by this method, the analysis results in selection of one landfill site located in the north of Kerbala city. The area of landfill site selected is 6,800,000 m2 and, its volume is 20,400,000 m3.

Generally In this paper, Baghdad Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Generate for
five years period (from year 2006 to year 2010). This Period are estimated as a minimum
duration of landfill site operation time. Geographic Information System (GIS) technique
are used to prepare digital map of Baghdad city to determine all of Baghdad ten districts
areas and its geographic distribution. Population size forecasting are interpolated to find
urban population size of each district and its population density. Depending on economic
studies of population wealth variation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the
adopted percentage of the chronically poor population in Baghdad which could
reach 40% in some districts, the individual waste generation rates of each districts
are assumed to ranged between 0.3 and 0.8 kg/capita/day. A value of 0.63
kg/capita/day is concluded for the year 2006 and increase it at a net rate (growth
rate less waste reduction rate) of the expected GDP increase of 4% per year to
reach 0.74 kg/capita/day in year 2010. Comparison between the obtained estimation
with other studies for other countries, puts Iraq in class of middle income countries.