Engineering and Technology Journal

In this research, a novel Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) that can be used for personal identification has been proposed in order to control the entering of any building or facility for safety applications. The network consists of three parts; node carrying by authorized persons, Base Station (BS) to control the entering and gate controller. A Personal Computer (PC), which represented the BS, will display automatically some information like picture and state about the person that entered when he/she becomes in BS coverage area. The gate controller of protected building is received a command of PC after matching the data onto entire person and open by a period to allow only one person to pass the gate after being sensed by Human sensor of controller. While preventing any other body by maintaining the gate in case of closure and show alarm. For the experimental purpose, the control of the gate is virtually assumed as Light-Emitting Diode (LED) to represent the opening and closing by lighting and closing the LED respectively. An Arduino Uno is used as microcontroller and ZigBee S2 is used for communication link, because of their simplicity, small size and low cost. Results of running the proposed model confirmed that it could effectively and accurately control the entry and exit of people authorized to enter the important formation and recording the date and time of entry and exit form the need for intervention by people. On the other hand, it can easily review any person files and show his/her daily attendance.

In the last few years, a mobile wireless sensor and its application in wireless sensor network (WSN) are commonly used. Localization of a mobile sensor node is considered a critical issue in some WSN applications. In this paper, an outdoor environments experiment was carried out to measure the distance between the mobile node and the coordinator node in a simple point-to-point ZigBee WSN. The distance was determined based on the measured Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of the mobile node by the coordinator node. In addition, a Log-Normal Shadowing Model (LNSM) was derived for outdoor condition. Moreover, the parameters of the propagation channel such as standard deviation and a path loss exponent were estimated. The RSSI was measured and analysed for outdoor environments for a distance range 1-100 m. The measurements were carried out by using 2.4 GHz ZigBee wireless protocol based on XBee series 2 modules.
The results disclosed that the mean absolute error (MAE) of 3.44 and 6.72 m for a distance range 0-65 m and 0-100 m, respectively. These results point that the LNSM is only suited for short distance.

One of the major weakness of Wireless Sensor Networks is the energy consumption because of limited battery resource and battery replacement or recharging difficulty. The research presented in this paper aims to reduce the energy consumption in the physical layer because most the energy consumption occurred in this layer. This reduction will be achieved via the use of ZigBee transceiver standard at the physical layer under 2.4GHz frequency band with the reduced complexity and lower power consumption than other techniques used in Wireless Sensor Network. Furthermore, such use will also enhance energy efficiency, bit error rate, and throughput of the wireless sensor network. In this paper, three different systems have been proposed according to the type of transceiver technique used in wireless sensor network. System1 uses ZigBee transceiver standard over the wireless sensor network without any additional technique whereas system2 uses ZigBee transceiver with Convolutional Coding over the WSNs model. On the other hand, system3 uses the ZigBee transceiver with both diversity techniquesVirtual Multi-Input Multi-Output and with Convolutional Coding over the wireless sensor network model. The simulation of matlab results show that system3 achieves the best energy efficiency performance compared with the other two systems at lower quality of channel. System2 achieves the best energy efficiency performance at medium quality of channel, and system1 achieves better energy efficiency at high quality of channel.

This paper presents a designed and implemented Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) based on Arduino and IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee standards. This network consists offour end nodes; each one is connected to an individual type of sensors (lighting, temperature, motion, and distance) to form a safety network for building offices, factories, homes…etc. Also there is a fifth node in this network to collect the information from each node and send it to the base station which is a computer to be process the data and take the appropriate decision according to the program established by the user. Results confirmed that the network performs its functions with high efficiency and gave accurate readings of the surrounding circumstances. Stable reading of temperature and lighting had been achieved in the implemented network. Also, the motion and distance sensors gave good results depending onthe presence ofobjectsclose tothemore peoplemovingnear. In addition, the network is characterized by high flexibility and ease of programing that can be used to give various applications such aswarning of fire by setting a threshold level of temperature to enable an alarm when exceeding such level. It can also be used to preventtheftsbydetectingmovements ofthe humanbody with distance sensor. Inaddition, other uses can be implemented such as controlling heating and lightingdevicesin homes andotherbuildings.

The aim of this paper is to develop a wireless sensor network to measure and analyze energy consumption in buildings and to investigate the bounds of coverage in different building construction materials. The performance of the designed system is evaluated in different indoor channel conditions using both computer simulations and hardware measurements. The basic design elements include current sensors, microcontrollers, and wireless transceivers implemented using GSM/GPRS platform and ZigBee technology. The use of GSM/GPRS platform makes it possible to control or gather information about the system from anywhere just by sending a request using SMS. Many measurements have been done to find the exact limitation of the designed system in terms of coverage and signal strength in the presence of objects of different materials including: cardboard, metal, concrete bricks, wood and corkboard. The results show that the metal represents the worst material in terms of signal strength reduction. At 4m distance between the base station and the sensing node, the loss in signal strength are 15, 20, 21 and 32 dBm when using metal as compared with cardboard, corkboard, wood and concrete bricks respectively.

Real time smart electrical energy meter network is one of the backbones for modern smart grid. It is very critical to have the right technologies for the efficient operation of smart meter network. In this paper, real time wireless smart electrical energy meter system has been designed and implemented which PIC microcontroller is used for real time energy measurements. In this system, all real time energy measurements will be send to base station through ZigBee wireless sensor network (WSN) for managements and monitoring. Also database will be design to record and manage all data and information of consumers.