Main Subjects : Science
The Visual Quality of Healthy Eye Lens for Different Tilt Effects
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2022, Volume 40, Issue 8, Pages 0-0
DOI:
10.30684/etj.v40i8.2197

The eye lens tilt is possibly due to a specific accident such as a blow or the like. So, this manuscript was submitted to study the human eye lens tilting effect on visual performance and determine the tolerance tilt values. Using (ZEMAX-EE) software program and relying on the Liou and Brennan model Eye (LBME), one of the most accurate models for studying the eye, and some basic criteria used to describe the image formed in an optical system, such as Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), Root Main Square-spot size (RMSS), and simulated image including aberration, the study of the lens tilt effect on visual quality was conducted. The calculation of the area under the MTF curve was also used to determine the tolerance tilt values. Where the lens was tilted from (-5 to 5) degrees by (1 degree) on the (X and Y) axes, for zero decentering, with visible wavelength (0.486, 0.587, 0.656) µm, pupil diameter (2.5 mm), and field of view (5o).The results were that vision worsened when the lens was tilted due to reduced MTF. Sagittal MTF was less sensitive than Tangential due to the nature of the lens structure. The area under the MTF curve results also proved that the tilt is less than (5) degrees does not affect the visual much, so it was necessary to determine the tilt tolerance values.It was concluded that the visual quality was inversely proportional to the tilt increase. Exceeding the tilt (5) degrees led to visual deterioration due to increased optical aberration where the tolerance tilt ranges were (± 5.1) degrees and (- 5.9 to 9) degrees on the (x and y) axes, respectively.
The Fundamental of Reduced Graphene Oxide with Nanosilver Composite Films Using the Spin Coating Technique
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2022, Volume 40, Issue 8, Pages 0-0
DOI:
10.30684/etj.v40i8.2205

Synthesis of Porous Silicon by Electrochemical Etching for Gas Sensor Application
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2022, Volume 40, Issue 4, Pages 555-562
DOI:
10.30684/etj.v40i4.2064

Tuning the Hyperparameters of the 1D CNN Model to Improve the Performance of Human Activity Recognition
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2022, Volume 40, Issue 4, Pages 547-554
DOI:
10.30684/etj.v40i4.2054

A Proposed WoT System for Diagnosing the Infection of Coronavirus (Covid-19)
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2022, Volume 40, Issue 4, Pages 563-572
DOI:
10.30684/etj.v40i4.2087

Proposal Framework to Light Weight Cryptography Primitives
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2022, Volume 40, Issue 4, Pages 516-526
DOI:
10.30684/etj.v40i4.1679

The Effect of Sputtering Time and Substrate Type on the Structure of Zinc Nanoparticles Prepared by the DC Sputtering Technique
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2022, Volume 40, Issue 4, Pages 582-587
DOI:
10.30684/etj.v40i4.2096
Zn thin films have been successfully deposited on two different substrates, FTO and p-type Si (111), with thickness (112, 186) nm at (1 and 8) min, respectively, via DC sputtering technique in this work. Structural properties of the prepared thin films were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). XRD results showed that the samples have a hexagonal wurtzite structure. From the results of FESEM images, all the samples showed a uniform distribution of granular surface shape morphology. The grain sizes of the Zn thin films were estimated based on measured X-ray diffraction patterns. Zn thin film thicknesses were increased as the sputtering time increased for all substrates. The best result was the deposition of zinc nanoparticles on Si (p-type) at 1 min, where the particle size was at the peak of 7 nm.
Building an Efficient System to Detect Computer Worms in Websites Based on Ensemble Ada Boosting and SVM Classifiers Algorithms
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2022, Volume 40, Issue 4, Pages 595-604
DOI:
10.30684/etj.v40i4.2148
Computer worms perform harmful tasks in network systems due to their rapid spread, which leads to harmful consequences on system security. However, existing worm detection algorithms are still suffered a lot to achieve good performance. The reasons for that are: First, a large number of irrelevant data impacts classification accuracy (irrelevant feature gives estimator new ways to go wrong without any expected benefit also can cause overfitting, which will generally lead to decreased accuracy). Second, the individual classifiers used extensively in the systems do not effectively detect all types of worms. Third, many systems are built based on old datasets, making them less suitable for new types of worms. The research aims to detect computer worms in the network based on data mining algorithms for their high ability to automatically and accurately detect new types of computer worms. The proposal uses misuse and anomaly detection techniques based on the UNSW_NB15 dataset to train and test the ensemble Ada Boosting algorithm using SVM and DT classifiers. To select the most important features, we propose to conduct the similar features selected by Correlation and Chi-Square feature selection (since correlation finds the relations between features and classes whereas Chi finds whether features and classes are independent or not). The contribution suggests using SVM in the boosting ensemble algorithm as base estimators instead of DT to efficiently detect various types of worms. The system achieved accuracy, reaching 100% with CFS+Chi2fs and 99.38, 99.89 with correlation and chi-square separately.
Textual Dataset Classification Using Supervised Machine Learning Techniques
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2022, Volume 40, Issue 4, Pages 527-538
DOI:
10.30684/etj.v40i4.1970

Algebraic Decomposition Method for Zero Watermarking Technique in YCbCr Space
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2022, Volume 40, Issue 4, Pages 605-616
DOI:
10.30684/etj.v40i4.2028

Improving Machine Learning Performance by Eliminating the Influence of Unclean Data
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2022, Volume 40, Issue 4, Pages 546-539
DOI:
10.30684/etj.v40i4.2010

Rod-like Nano-structures of Copper Oxide Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2022, Volume 40, Issue 4, Pages 573-581
DOI:
10.30684/etj.v40i4.2089

Comparative Analysis of GMM, KNN, and ViBe Background Subtraction Algorithms Applied in Dynamic Background Scenes of Video Surveillance System
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2022, Volume 40, Issue 4, Pages 617-626
DOI:
10.30684/etj.v40i4.2154
Background subtraction is the most prominent technique applied in the domain of detecting moving objects. However, there is a wide range of different background subtraction models. Choosing the best model that addresses a number of challenges is still a vital research area.
Therefore, in this article we present a comparative analysis of three promising algorithms used in this domain, GMM, KNN and ViBe. CDnet 2014 is the benchmark dataset used in this analysis with several quantitative evaluation metrics like precession, recall, f-measures, false positive rate, false negative rate and PWC. In addition, qualitative evaluations are illustrated in snapshots to depict the visual scenes evaluation. ViBe algorithm outperform other algorithms for overall evaluations.
Numerical Simulation of the Self-Imaging at Different Cascaded Optical Fiber Specifications
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2022, Volume 40, Issue 2, Pages 412-421
DOI:
10.30684/etj.v40i2.2236
Cascaded optical fiber single mode-no core-single mode fiber (SNS) attracted attention for being the base of various photonic devices. These devices are used in optical communication, fiber sensors, and fiber laser technology. The effect of variable NCF specifications, length, diameter, external refractive index (ERI), propagating wavelength on the self-imaging position, and the multimode interference (MMI) is studied. The study aims to simulate and analyze cascaded optical fiber by using the finite element beam envelope method (BEM). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that studied the self-imaging in cascaded optical fiber longitudinally by using BEM. The NCF length is important in determining the coupled out intensity and peak transmission wavelength. The field in the cascaded fiber is simulated for single and multi-wavelengths to evaluate the maximum transmission and study the structure's tunability. A tunable filter is simulated, where varying the length of the NCF about 0.6 mm produces a wavelength shift of about 40 nm. The BEM is effective in studying the field propagation in large guiding photonic devices
Physical Properties of Pure Gold Nanoparticles and Gold Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Laser Ablation in Liquid For Sensor Applications
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2022, Volume 40, Issue 2, Pages 422-427
DOI:
10.30684/etj.v40i2.2242
In this paper, the effect of using laser ablation of pure gold targets to obtain gold Nano rods and for pure zinc targets to obtain zinc oxide nanoparticles was studied separately in ethanol using an Nd:YAG laser tattoo removal (nanosecond pulses) and then mixing the resulting mixtures to obtain gold dopant with zinc oxide. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), (XRD) X-Ray Diffraction and the optical properties were used to characterize the pure gold Nano rods, ZnO nanoparticles, and Au doped ZnO nanoparticles. Based on XRD and TEM, the results revealed the properties of the produced gold Nano roads. The obtained results indicated that the gold Nano rods produced by the 1064nm laser have superior optical, structural, and morphological properties and can be used in different sensors.
Performance Comparison of Serial and Parallel Hybrid Fiber Amplifier under Optimum Pump Conditions
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2022, Volume 40, Issue 2, Pages 428-432
DOI:
10.30684/etj.v40i2.2183
In this work, two different configurations of hybrid fiber optic amplifiers are investigated and simulated via OptiSystem 7.0 software, namely, serial and parallel hybrid fiber optical amplifiers (S– and P–HFOAs). The investigation involves performance comparison for the S– and P–HFOA under optimum pump conditions to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of each configuration. The simulation results show that the serial configuration has a high average gain level of 19.2 dB, an appropriate noise figure about 4.3 dB, but low saturation power, and limited gain bandwidth of approximately 40 nm, which is considered a primary issue in S–HOFA design, in addition to the pump conversion efficiency still insufficient in the Raman amplifier stage. While in P–HFOA design, a wide 3–dB gain bandwidth of more than 60 nm is maintained, along with an average gain level of 13.5 dB, high average noise figure about 8.3 dB and high saturation power due to the absent of cascading effect in parallel configuration
Design Analysis of A Compensation Technique In FSO Communication System to Mitigate Atmospheric Turbulence Effect
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2019, Volume 37, Issue 3B, Pages 82-85
DOI:
10.30684/etj.37.3B.3
Free-space laser communication systems usually experience strong channel fading caused by atmospheric turbulence. To mitigate the impact of atmospheric turbulence on free-space optical links using compensation techniques including adaptive optical (AO) system as advanced technique. Its three main components have remained constant: a wave front sensor to measure distortion, a wave front corrector to compensate for the distortion and a control system to calculate the required correction and necessary shape to apply to the corrector. Optical communication schemes utilizing adaptive optical at the transmitter are proposed. Numerical simulations show that the proposed schemes can significantly reduce the channel fading. The main goal of any adaptive optical system is to show a phase correction in the arriving wave front that converts the distorted wave front into a plane wave. A free space optical AO system to mitigate turbulence-induced phase fluctuations has been implemented by using a wavefront sensorless architecture The AO system was designed to correct the first 20 Zernike modes by using two separated active mirrors: a tip/tilt corrector and a DM with 32 actuators. Also, standard deviation of the atmospheric tilt was computed, DM stroke, the residual phase variance, the turbulence strength for different telescope apertures.
Synthesis and Fabrication of ZnO Nanorods on Silicon for Methanol Gas Sensor
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2019, Volume 37, Issue 3B, Pages 74-81
DOI:
10.30684/etj.37.3B.2
Zinc Oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) were successfully synthesized via hydrothermal method. The growth process was conducted with seed layer concentration of 30 mM. The as-synthesized nanostructures were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectrophotometer. The analysis results revealed a pure Wurtzite ZnO hexagonal nanostructures with preferred orientation (002) along c-direction. The calculated band gap and crystallite size are 3.2 eV and 53.18 nm respectively. A methanol gas sensor was fabricated based on the annealed ZnO NRs on the silicon substrate. Optimized sensitivity at 250 ppm methanol vapor with fast response and recovery time was achieved. So, ZnO NRs film can serve as a good candidate for a methanol gas sensing device.
Effect of Hashimoto Disease in Diabetic Patients in National Center for Diabetes
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2019, Volume 37, Issue 3B, Pages 99-103
DOI:
10.30684/etj.37.3B.6
The most two common autoimmune disease in endocrinology was Diabetes mellitus (DM) and thyroid dysfunction (TD). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of TD in DM patients of type 1. The current study is carried out in the National Center for Diabetes of Endocrine and Genetic (NCDEG), AL- Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad. This study comprised of (36) patients with hypothyroidism diagnosed clinically under supervision of specialist physician in endocrinology. Their ages ranged between (30-40) years, among them there were 17 males (48%) and 19 females (52%). In addition there were (36) healthy control their age ranged between (28-42) years, among them there were 21 males (58%) and 15 females (42%). Results showed highly significant increase in the rate of Chol, TSH, T3, and FBS in patient group when compared with healthy subject (p<0.001), also highly significant decrease of T4 (p<0.001). The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among type 1 DM patients is very high with hypothyroidism is being most common. This study recommended that screening of thyroid function must be done especially in uncontrolled diabetic patients.
Weathering Effect on Surface Characteristics of Superhydrophobic/ Hydrophobic Nanocomposites Coating
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2019, Volume 37, Issue 3B, Pages 92-98
DOI:
10.30684/etj.37.3B.5
Superhydrophobic and hydrophobic nanocomposites coating synthesized by electrospinning, polymer solution of (PS/DMF, PMMA/THF and Si/Th) were prepared in different wt% of composition for each solutions and also prepared with addition of TiO2 nanoparticles. Coated specimens were exposed to accelerated weathering test for 6 months. The aim of this research is to study weathering changes and physical properties of these superhydrophobic and hydrophobic nanocomposites coating to demonstrate these coatings in which can keeps their hydrophobicity properties for long period of time. Viscosity, surface tension, contact angle, roughness surface and hardness tests were calculated for all specimens before and after submitted to accelerate weathering test. Also SEM shows morphology of surfaces in which that (PS/DMF) coated specimen have higher amount of bulge or beads, (PMMA/THF) coated specimen having little amount of bulge or beads and defect as compared to specimen before coating, (Si/Th) owns less bulge or beads and defect but having little percent of contaminations at the surface as compared to other coated specimen.
Security Improve in ZigBee Protocol Based on RSA Public Algorithm in WSN
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2019, Volume 37, Issue 3B, Pages 67-73
DOI:
10.30684/etj.37.3B.1
ZigBee is consuming low energy and providing the protection in Wireless Sensor Networks. ZigBee pro is supporting most applications. In spite of improved the security, ZigBee pro weak in key administration. In this paper, we depend on Logistic Map Diffie Hellman (LMDH) and SubMAC for Wireless Sensor Networks by ZigBee. In addition, we will improve the security in ZigBee by using the Rivest-ShamirAdleman (RSA) algorithm instead of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). LMDH used for improved key administration schema (protect key distribution) and SubMAC used for providing authentication and prevented Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) and Replay attacks, LMHD did not provide this service, so we use SubMAC to overcome with this problem, and use RSA to improve the security by encrypting the network key and ensure that the connection is secure between the nodes and then we can send the data safely. And the results ensure: the proposed is extra effective when compare with ZigBee pro from where the execution time and power consumption, in addition, it proved that security is improving.
A modified Matrices Approach in Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithm
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2019, Volume 37, Issue 3B, Pages 86-91
DOI:
10.30684/etj.37.3B.4
The cryptographic algorithms became the main proceeding for protection of very important data from unauthorized access. There are several cryptographic algorithms to ensure the data, but algorithms must be selected according to speed, strength and the implementation. Thus, choosing the advance encryption standard (AES) for encryption and decryption data because its speed and strength of encryption, flexible, complex processing and its resistance to Brute-force attack. This paper presents enhancement of the AES algorithm to increase the security of the encrypted documents by using different sizes data matrices based on multiple irreducible polynomials with order 2, 4, and 8. The proposed modifications results tested and provide a high randomness.
Catalytic Reaction of Ethanol into Light Olefins Over 2wt%CuO/HZSM-5
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2019, Volume 37, Issue 2B, Pages 41-44
DOI:
10.30684/etj.37.2B.2
There was increasing in the international needing for fossil fuel, which is formed from nonrenewable materials such as crude oil. Bio-ethanol considered one of the materials that can be produced from renewable sources like the fermentation of sugar cane. 2wt% CuO doped HZSM-5 has been modified by the impregnation method. All experimental runs have conducted at 500 °C, 1 atmosphere pressure and WHSV 3.5 h-1 in a fixed bed reactor. Catalyst, which modified in this work, was analyzed by SEM and XRD as well as TGA experiment. The analysis hydrocarbons products have done by gas chromatographs provided with flame ionization detector (FID) and thermal conductivity detector (TCD). It has been studied CuO doped HZSM-5 catalyst gives higher ethanol conversion and yield especially light olefins as compared to HZSM-5 parent catalyst. In addition, reduces the coke formation over HZSM-5, therefore, enhanced the life of HZSM-5 catalyst.
HZSM-5, ethanol to hydrocarbons, Catalyst, coke, deactivation
Optical and Thermal Characterizations of PMMA Composites
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2019, Volume 37, Issue 2B, Pages 61-66
DOI:
10.30684/etj.37.2B.5
Thick composite films were prepared employing hand – layup method . A definite quantity of PMMA ( 98%wt ) , fixed content ( 2% wt ) of rutile titanium dioxide TiO2 , gamma alumina ( ᵞ- Al2O3 ) and Zirconia powder ( ZrO2 ) , were added to polymer solution gradually and separately. Optical constants were obtained of the prepared samples using spectrometer (UV- VIS). The prepared composite samples were thermally characterized by differential scanning calorimeter ( DSC ). We notice increasing value of glass temperature and differential heat capacity ( ∆Cp ) for composites compared with pure PMMA .
Modeling the Plasma Frequency for F2-Region Using Modified Chapman Function and NeQuick2 Model over Different Geographical Locations and Months
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2019, Volume 37, Issue 2B, Pages 45-53
DOI:
10.30684/etj.37.2B.3
This study aims to modeling the plasma frequency profile of the F2 region as a function of geographical location and month of the y ear. The most important model and function used are Chapman function and NeQuick 2 model which have been defined both by exponential function. These models need some ionospheric parameters such as the critical frequency of F2 layer (foF2), maximum peak height (hmF2), semi thickness (ymF2), and the M factor (M (3000) F2). The results of these models are compared with the results of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model. For north hemisphere, the results of Chapman function has great fit with the results of IRI2012 model for low and high latitudes. For southern hemisphere the MAPE has greater values at high latitudes and drops to low latitudes. For NeQuick model, MAPE has a periodic behavior with latitudes. The monthly mean of the MAPE of the results obtained by modeling the plasma frequency profile using Chapman function and NeQuick2 model equal 0.466 and 0.259. The analysis of the MAPE for ten months gives a best correlation between the MAPE and foF2.
Wavelet-Based Denoising Of Images
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2019, Volume 37, Issue 2B, Pages 54-60
DOI:
10.30684/etj.37.2B.4
Wavelet-analysis has become a powerful tool for denoising images. It represents a new way to achieve better noise reduction and increased contrast. Here, experimentally demonstrate abilities of discrete wavelet transform with Daubechies basis functions for improving the quality of noisy images.in this research two methods has been compaired for modify the coefficients using soft and hard threshold to improv the visual fineness of noisy image depend on Root-Mean-Square error (RMS). The low RMS value and better noise reduction find in soft threshold method which is based on Daubechies wavelet (db8) for first example image RMS=0.101 and second example RMS=0.109
Weak Convergence of Two Iteration Schemes in Banach Spaces
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2019, Volume 37, Issue 2B, Pages 32-40
DOI:
10.30684/etj.37.2B.1
In this paper, we established weak convergence theorems by using appropriate conditions for approximating common fixed points and equivalence between the convergence of the Picard-Mann iteration scheme and Liu et al iteration scheme in Banach spaces. As well as, numerical examples are given to show that Picard-Mann is faster than Liu et al iteration schemes.
Improvement of Harris Algorithm Based on Gaussian Scale Space
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2019, Volume 37, Issue 1B, Pages 1-5
DOI:
10.30684/etj.37.1B.1
Features is the description of the image contents which could be corner, blob or edge. Corners are one of the most important feature to describe image, therefore there are many algorithms to detect corners such as Harris, FAST, SUSAN, etc. Harris is a method for corner detection and it is an efficient and accurate feature detection method. Harris corner detection is rotation invariant but it isn’t scale invariant. This paper presents an efficient harris corner detector invariant to scale, this improvement done by using gaussian function with different scales. The experimental results illustrate that it is very useful to use Gaussian linear equation to deal with harris weakness.
Preparation and Study the Structure of Pure and Impure Barium Titanate with Zr4+ Ion
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2019, Volume 37, Issue 1B, Pages 21-24
DOI:
10.30684/etj.37.1B.4
In this research, pure and impure barium titanate with Zr4+ ion with two molar ratios x= (5, 10) % have been synthesized by solid-state reaction technique. The powders calculations at two temperatures (950°C and 1400°C). An XRD technique was used in order to study the crystal structure of pure and impure barium titanate, which confirmed the formation of the tetragonal phase of BaTiO3, then calculate the lattice parameters of pure and impure barium titanate, the addition of zirconium ion Zr4+ lead to increases lattice parameters.
Properties of Fuzzy Closed Linear Operator
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2019, Volume 37, Issue 1B, Pages 25-31
DOI:
10.30684/etj.37.1B.5
In this paper we recall the definition of fuzzy norm of a fuzzy bounded linear operator and the fuzzy convergence of sequence of fuzzy bounded linear operators in order to prove the uniform fuzzy bounded theorem and fuzzy open mapping theorem. The definition of fuzzy closed linear operators on fuzzy normed spaces is introduced in order to prove the fuzzy closed graph theorem.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial activities of Uracil and Uracil–Oxalate Complexes with Cr(III) and Fe(III)
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2019, Volume 37, Issue 1B, Pages 6-16
DOI:
10.30684/etj.37.1B.2
New complexes of the some trivalent transition metal ions of the uracil such as [M(Ura)3Cl3] and mixed ligand metal complexes with uracil and oxalic acid [M(Ura)2(OA)(OH2)Cl].H2O type, where (Ura)=Uracil, (OA= Oxalic acid dihydrate, (M= Cr+3 and Fe+3) were synthesized and characterized by the elemental analysis, FT.IR, electronic spectra, mass spectra and magnetic susceptibility as well as the conductivity measurements. Six–coordinated metal complexes were suggested for the isolated complexes of Cr+3 and Fe+3 with molecular formulas dependent on the nature of uracil and oxalic acid present. The proposed molecular structure for all complexes with their ions is octahedral geometries. The antibacterial efficiency was tested of metal salts, ligands and metal complexes to the pathogenic bacteria activity have been studied.
Morphological and Optical Properties of Porous Silicon
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2019, Volume 37, Issue 1B, Pages 17-20
DOI:
10.30684/etj.37.1B.3
In this work photo-electrochemical etching was used to synthesize uniform and non-uniform macro porous silicon from n-type with orientation (100). Specimens were anodized in a sol of 25% HF: C2H2OH at 1:1 rate. Morphology and porosity of the samples were studied. Optical characteristics (reflection and photoluminescence) of PS samples by changing current density (10, 12, 14 and 16 mA/cm2 ) for fixed etching time (8min) and power density (17mW/cm2 ) by using red laser illumination wavelength (645nm) were investigated. Porous silicon samples imaged via scanning electron microscope (SEM), which showed the topography of silicon surface and pores distribution.