@article { author = {}, title = {استخدام مبدأ سرعة التبديد الاقصى للطاقه الحركيه في نظرية التصادم}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {23-33}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.1}, abstract = {In this study a dynamic model has been developed for two legs walking machinefor analysing the impact process. Energy dissipation in impact process due to legcontact with the surface was determined. Then the principle of maximum energydissipation was applied to find the vertical and horizontal reaction at the points ofcontact of legs with the surface. Also the relation between the angle of compass(legs angle see fig1), the angular velocity prior impact and the vertical andhorizontal reactions at the points of contact is studied in order to determine theoptimumangle that gives a stable walking process and reduces vibration.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181400.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181400_0ef96929e29672b093cd6dd78fdac254.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {تاثير الغبار المتطايرمن معمل سمنت الكوفة على البيئة المحيطة}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {34-43}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.10}, abstract = {In this study ,analysis of dust and gas from Al-Kufa cement factory are made.The effect on the enevironmantal polloution on the town near the factory wasoutlined.The study deals the effect of velocity and direction of the wind on thepolloution using six stations toward the wind direction to Al-Manathera town,the particles are collected and then analysis these samples.At last,asutiable recommendations are suggested to reduce the effect ofpolloution.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181411.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181411_db19ed76e76229cd29622e8a4ad29d81.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Production Composite Materials by Fused DepositionMethod}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {44-60}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.11}, abstract = {The aim of this research is to produce composite materials with ceramic basecovered by a layer of (Al) and its alloys by means of fused deposition technique.This technique represents new method and combines the powder technology withthe casting technique. Al2O3 poweder was used after having been pressed bydifferent pressure(58,117 and 176 MPa) in metal molds. The sintering process hasbeen preformed at 1100 o C for two hours. After that, the porosity percentage hasbeen measured and the samples were immersed in the molten metals heated to 700oC . Ultirnatly, these samples were heated to about 1000 o C by a furnace for half anhour. Then,the samples were cooled to 650 oC and examined by an opticalmicroscope and the scanning electron microscope. Moreover, the x-ray diffractionfor these sample has been employed to define the structure of the resultingcomposite as well as to define the resulting bond between the deposited metal layerand the ceramic matrix in addition to characterize the existing phases within thecomposite material.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181412.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181412_48b1c9d404cda0928f2c414b4f4d4082.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Numerical and Experimental Study of Ice Storage in Air Conditioning Systems}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {61-75}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.12}, abstract = {An experimental and numerical study done to design and analysis ice storage inair conditioning system on building with three types of cooling load. The designsystem was active to produced thermal comfort to the building. The non-operatinghours of the building was defining and used to collect ice on the out surface ofpipes in the ice storage system. To predict the radius of the formatted ice anenthalpy method used with B.F.C. system used and the results compared with theexperimental results from measuring the radius of the ice formatted in a rig buildand run with the same boundary conditions. The theoretical results shown goodcoincident and the small deviation in the magnitude and not the distribution of theresults is because we canceled the convection effect. In the operating hours of thebuilding many types of pipes arrangement was examined (parallel and staggered),and many ratios of ( ) L S and ( ) T S in the ice storage. The study shows that thestaggered arrangement is better for the three types of cooling load and always givessmaller volume of ice storage. In addition, the study shows that any increase in( ) L S and ( ) T S cause increasing in the volume of ice storage. In addition, the studyshows that the type of cooling load has great effect on the volume of ice storage}, keywords = {}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181413.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181413_ec651fac6f77af2b0d0f779e6023b5f7.pdf} } @article { author = {al–Damluji, Omar and Fattah, Mohammed}, title = {The Boundary Element Method Versus The Finite Element Method For Solving Two-Dimensional Continuum Problems}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {132-152}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.2}, abstract = {Stress analysis problems in geomechanics are ideally suited to the method of boundaryelements, as this technique usually requires a very small number of nodes bycomparison to finite elements. As only the surface of the continuum needs to bediscretized, problems extending to infinity can be described by a very small numberof elements on the soil surface or around a tunnel or excavation . In addition, theboundary conditions of the infinite domain can be properly defined using boundaryelements, as the technique is based on fundamental solutions valid for unboundeddomains.Herein, a comparison is made between the finite element method and the boundaryelement method in solving two-dimensional stress analysis problems. It is concludedthat the results of the boundary element method are greatly improved whenincreasing the number of elements, especially at the regions of stress concentration. Agood agreement can be obtained between the results of the two methods. One mustkeep in mind that in the boundary element method, errors due to discretization arerestricted to the boundaries compared to the finite element method where the entiredomain needs to be discretized. This advantage makes the use of the boundaryelement method easier and faster.}, keywords = {Boundary element method,Finite element method,Two-dimensional stresses and strains}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181401.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181401_7b422864805daf58a3384db2aa52601c.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohammed, Laith}, title = {Surface matrix based Machining Planes Determination for Milling Process (Roughing Stage)}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {153-167}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.3}, abstract = {This paper deals with machining plane determination process for CNC millingmachining. Three methods, Matrix, 3D contour matrix and flow line arepresented. All methods depend on the data set point of the surface matrix ofthe workpiece to be machined. All methods can be used to automate theCAD/CAM operation for roughing process in milling machining. Two surfaceexamples are included to illustrate all methods. By a comparison among thethree presented methods, a conclusion has been reached that the presented 3Dcontour matrix method requires maximum number of blocks to build G-codesprogram for CNC tool path programming. It means that, this method requireslonger time to accomplish tool paths. On the other hand the other twomethods require minimum number of blocks of G-codes and shorter time forroughing.}, keywords = {CAD/CAM,CNC Milling,Sculptured Surfaces}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181402.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181402_db3e25f8347c6c5844c9e325f4ecd41c.pdf} } @article { author = {Khashan, Khawla}, title = {Features of Spot-Matrix Surface Hardening of Low-Carbon Steel Using Pulsed Laser}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {168-175}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.4}, abstract = {In this work, results of spot hardening in low-carbon steel by using a pulsedNd:YAG laser are presented. These results include determination ofhardening depth, diameter of hardened spot, aspect ratio and heat-affectedzone width with varying laser energy density. In order to determine the effectof irradiation profile on the overall achievable hardness, the profiles ofoverlapping, adjacent and separated hardened spots are compared and thepercent coverage of the workpiece as a function of the laser-hardened spotdimensions.}, keywords = {Pulse laser hardening,carbon steel,laser treatment}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181403.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181403_5901d64573f9d551e737a24ee2ffbe87.pdf} } @article { author = {Yahiya, Khaled and Daood, Yasmeen and Ahmed, Saria}, title = {Fabrication and Characterization of Cu2S /Si Heterojunction Photodetector Based on Spray Pyrolysis of Cu2S on Si}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {176-182}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.5}, abstract = {In the present work fabrication and characterization of Cu2S/Siheterojunction photodiodes made by spray pyrolysis method using aqueoussolution of CuCl2.2H2O onto n-type silicon substrates made. The externalquantum efficiency of heterojunction was ٣7% at wavelength of 850nm. Theexperimental results show peak relative responsivity around 100mA/w , andmaximum value of detectivity D* (2*1011cm.Hz1/2.w-1).}, keywords = {Photodetector,fabricated,Heterojunction,Spray Pyrolysis}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181404.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181404_f56cc7423d5aadd044c53a3fb12a512e.pdf} } @article { author = {Hamid, M. and Said, Arkan}, title = {The Effect of Initial Temperature on Burning Velocity of Hydrogen – Air Mixtures}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {183-194}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.6}, abstract = {In present work, the burning velocity of hydrogen-Air mixtures varies with hydrogen concentration and initial temperature of the unburned mixture. Laminar flame speed has been measured experimentally inside tube using the optical technique. The experimental work was carried out in a pre-pressure period in order to apply the density ratio method for calculation of laminar burning velocity. Mixture strength and unburned mixture temperature dependence of burning velocity is represented by empirical function over the ranges of hydrogen concentration (xH2 = 10 – 70 %) and unburned temperature (Tu = 298K– 348K), which is extended to (473K) through the previously published data all at a pressure of (1 atm). In overlapping ranges, the results show good agreement with those previously published.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181405.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181405_e23bc7a8c4674b92e015eeff7fa96c59.pdf} } @article { author = {Ismail, Emad and Al-Ubaidy, Ali}, title = {Prediction of Delay at a Parking Garage Facility Using STARSIM Simulation Package}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {195-209}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.7}, abstract = {The main objective of the present paper is to predict the average delay values for delayed vehicles at the adjacent entrance and exit gates combination of a parking garage using a simulation package named STARSIM. Flow level, number of lanes at each approach of the major road, number of lanes at the entrance and exit gates, and proportion of parking vehicles from the major road are taken as the most important factors that affect the performance of the gates of the car park in term of average delay to be predicted in this paper. These traffic and geometrical conditions are used to generate a range of delay values, and the effect of these conditions on the performance of the entrance and exit gates, in term of delay, is discussed and presented figuratively. }, keywords = {}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181406.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181406_08225616f61a853657727a5b5e817da0.pdf} } @article { author = {Al-Shaarbaf, Ihsan and Al-Bayati, Nabil}, title = {Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Large Opening under Flexure}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {210-228}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.8}, abstract = {This paper describes a three- dimensional nonlinear finite element model suitable for the analysis of reinforced concrete Beams with Large Opening under Flexure. The 20-node isoparametric brick elements have been used to model the concrete. The nonlinear equations of equilibrium have been solved using an incremental-iterative technique operating under load control. The solution algorithm used was the modified Newton-Raphson method. The numerical integration has been conducted using the 27-point Gaussian type rule. The reinforcing bars are idealized as axial members embedded within the concrete element and perfect bond between the concrete and the reinforcement has been assumed to occur. The behavior of concrete in compression is modeled using an elasto-plastic work hardening model followed by a perfectly plastic response, which is terminated at the onset of crushing. In tension, a smeared crack model with fixed orthogonal cracks has been used with the inclusion of models for the retained post-cracking tensile stress and the reduced shear modulus. Different types of reinforced concrete beams with large rectangular transverse openings have been analyzed and the finite element solutions are compared with the experimental data. Generally, good agreement has been obtained between the numerical and experimental load-deflection curves and ultimate load. Numerical studies including some material parameters such as concrete compressive strength, amount of longitudinal tensile reinforcement and opening size on the load-deflection response have been carried out to study their effect on the over all behavior of reinforced concrete beams with Large opening under Flexure.The finite element solution revealed that the ultimate load and post-cracking stiffness increase with the increases of concrete compressive strength, increases with the increase of the bottom steel reinforcement amount and decreases with the increase of length or depth of opening. }, keywords = {Finite element method,Brick Element,Opening beams,Flexural loading}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181407.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181407_261c01aaf144c577e530ac550809e264.pdf} } @article { author = {Salih, Raghad}, title = {Laplace Transformation for Determining The Linear Equivalence of The Periodic Sequence}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {229-241}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.9}, abstract = {The research presents a proposed method with an algorithm written inMatlab language to determine the linear equivalence of the pseudo-randomperiodic sequences mathematically by using the Laplace transform. Theproposed method enables the computation of the linear equivalence todetermine the degree of the complexity of any periodic sequences producedfrom linear or nonlinear key generators. The procedure can be usedcomparatively greater computational ease and efficiency. The results of thisalgorithm are compared with Berlekamp-Massey (BM) method and goodresults are obtained where the results of the Laplace transform are moreaccurate than those of (BM) method for computing the linear equivalence (L)of the sequence of period (p) when (L) is greater than (p/2). Some examplesare given for consolidating the accuracy of the results of this proposedmethod.}, keywords = {Linear equivalence,Laplace transform,Periodic sequence and Berlekamp-Massey method}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181408.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181408_4aa20ce0c886047bc1f6dad49e0888f7.pdf} } @article { author = {Allawi, Abbas}, title = {Stiffness Matrix for Haunched Members With Including Effect of Transverse Shear Deformations}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {242-252}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.13}, abstract = {This study includes the derivation of the stiffness matrix for a haunchedmember using the simple bending theory. The derived stiffness matrix coversmost possible geometric shapes for haunched members under differentloading cases and combinations with including transverse shear deformationseffect.ِ The importance of the transverse shear deformation in haunchedmembers with high depth to span ratios is shown using numerical example.The accuracy of the proposed analysis technique is verified by comparing theresults of the numerical example with those obtained from the generalanalysis program SAP90 using a large number of subelements.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181414.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181414_9b08067096528fc8e986f7f20fd3c26c.pdf} } @article { author = {Alsalhy, Qusay}, title = {Effect of Ethanol Concentrations in Internal Coagulant on the Morphology and Separation Performance of Polyethersulfone (PES) Hollow Fiber UFMembranes Prepared by PES/Ethanol/NMP Solution}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {253-265}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.14}, abstract = {Polyethersulfone (PES) hollow fiber UF membranes were fabricated usingethanol (non-solvent) as additive and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as asolvent. Asymmetric hollow fiber UF membranes were spun by wet phaseinversion method from 18 wt.% solids of 18:10:72 (weight ratio) PES/Nonsolvent/NMP solutions. Effect of ethanol concentrations in internal coagulanton morphology and separation performance of PES hollow fiber UFmembranes were investigated. UF membranes were characterized in terms ofscanning electron microscope (SEM) while UF experiments were conductedusing polyethylene glycol (PEG10,000 and 20,000 MW), PVP 40,000MW, andPVA 78,000MW as a solute. It was found that with an increase of ethanolconcentration from 30 to 50 wt.% in the internal coagulant, membraneinternal surfaces were dense and smooth, While the cracks phenomenon wasappear on the internal surfaces of PES hollow fiber membrane with increaseof ethanol concentration up to 100 wt.% (pure ethanol). The external surfacesfor all of the PES membranes are smooth and dense because water is used asexternal coagulant; moreover, there is no change observed in the cross-sectionof PES hollow fiber with increase of ethanol concentration in the internalcoagulant. Pure water permeation fluxes were decreased from 39 to 23.3(L/m2hbar) and solutes rejection increased within less than 50 wt.% ethanolconcentration in internal coagulant and then pure water permeation fluxesincreased up to 65.4 (L/m2hbar) and solutes rejection decreased with anincrease of ethanol concentration.}, keywords = {Ultrafiltration membrane,hollow fiber,Phase inversion,polyethersulfone,internal coagulant}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181434.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181434_6d72014aeba18aed3616b8916f247f0a.pdf} } @article { author = {Abdul–Razzak, A. and Al Jurmaa, M.}, title = {Effects of Mix Property On Time Dependent Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Slabs}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {266-281}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.15}, abstract = {A nonlinear, layered, finite element model for predicting the time dependentbehavior of reinforced concrete slabs under sustained transverse loading ispresented. The effects of biaxial creep and shrinkage are considered by usingthe provisions of ACI Committee 209. Both elastic- perfectly plastic and strainhardening plasticity approach have been employed to model the compressivebehavior of the concrete. The yield condition is formulated in terms of twostressinvariants. The movement of the subsequent loading surfaces iscontrolled by the hardening rule, which is extrapolated from the uniaxialstress-strain relationship defined by a parabolic function. Concrete crushing isa strain controlled phenomenon, which is monitored by a fracture surfacesimilar to the yield surface. A smeared fixed crack approach is used to modelthe behavior of the cracked concrete, coupled with a tensile strength criterionto predict crack initiation. An attention is given also to the post-cracking shearstrength. The steel is considered either as an elastic perfectly plastic materialor as an elastic-plastic material with linear strain hardening. Steelreinforcement is assumed to have similar tensile and compressive stress-strainrelationship. A computer program coded in FORTRAN77 language is writtento implement the present study. This program is arranged to give a completelisting of stresses and deformations in every concrete or steel layer. Severalexamples for which experimental results are available are analyzed, using theproposed model .The comparison showed very good agreement especially forthe maximum deflection, the different about 1%.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181435.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181435_82db6e90bfec1b0350468cc0c2ea40ef.pdf} } @article { author = {Abdullah, Auroba.}, title = {Characteristics of Bubbles and Gas Holdup In A Two-Phase Column For Different Liquid Phases}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {282-290}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.16}, abstract = {Experimental study of gas holdup (Eg), bubble diameter (dvs) interfacial area(a) m-1, small bubble rise velocity (Ubs), and bubble rise velocity (Ubr) in (0.1mi.d) and (1.5m) high column operated at ambient temperature and pressureconditions. The superficial gas velocity (Ug) was varied in the range of (0-0.3)m/s, spanning both the homogenous and heterogeneous flow regimes. Air wasused as the gas phase.Different liquids were used as liquid phase (Water, Ethanol, Butanol, paraffinoil solutions ).Experimental results shows that the influence of liquid properties on (Eg) isconsiderable, where the lower surface tension (s ) gives a lower (Ubr) andtherefore a higher (Eg). High viscosity (mL) leads to large bubbles andtherefore a low (Eg) and (a) , for coalescence liquids bubble diameter increaseswith increasing gas velocity.A correlation based on dimensionless groups for the predicition of (Eg) liquidproperties is proposed, and found to be in good agreement with theexperimental data}, keywords = {Holdup,Bubble column,Coalescence,Bubble size}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181436.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181436_74fa2e2526abcb4d6dd4c70cc358b579.pdf} } @article { author = {Khamis, R. and Daoud, H. and Al-Faiz, M. and Sanduk, M.}, title = {Study the Integro-Differential Equation in a Lorentzian Energy Spread Case}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {291-298}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.17}, abstract = {The fundamentals of free electron laser (FEL) theory are now well–establishedand can provide a sophisticated description of experiments over a wide rangeof parameters. While new technology is being developed for systems workingfrom 1mm to 10nm wavelengths, the theory remains the same. In this work,the final consequences of Lorentzian energy distribution in FEL amplifier willbe found by solving of Integro-differential equation using symbolic toolboxservices in MATLAB software v. 6.5 and the relation between severalparameters will be delimited and plotted in order to extract and present thecomplex relations between the FEL parameters.}, keywords = {Evolutionary programming and Symbolic Analysis,Mathematical Modeling,FEL Amplifier Process}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181437.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181437_5d98d7039a9ea674e99f37f92e93d31a.pdf} } @article { author = {AbdulWahab, Mutaz.}, title = {3D Wavelet-Based Optical Flow Estimation}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {299-311}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.18}, abstract = {In this paper, a new algorithm for accurate optical flow estimation using discretewavelet approximation is proposed. The image sequences are always assumed tobe noiseless in the computation of optical flow, since there is always a method thatcan perform such task. One of the main application areas of the wavelettransform is that of noise reduction in images. The basic technique is to transformthe noisy input image into a domain, in which the main signal energy isconcentrated into as few coefficients as possible, while the noise energy isdistributed more uniformly over all coefficients. The choice of the transform isrepresent an important tool in optical flow estimation. In this paper, severalalgorithms of 1-D, 2-D and 3-D wavelet transforms are adapted for the estimationof optical flow for the first time.}, keywords = {Optical Flow Estimation,gradient-based method,3-D Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181438.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181438_9e3096568aaadf1c550e3ef00eb5fb22.pdf} } @article { author = {Aziz, Omer and Karim, Ferhad}, title = {Behavior of High Strength Concrete L-Beams Under Combined Bending and Shear}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {312-327}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.25.2.19}, abstract = {This investigation examines experimentally and statistically the behaviorand ultimate strength of L-shape reinforced high strength concrete beamsunder combined bending and shear. The experimental investigation consists ofcasting and testing of nine beams which were tested under bending and shear.The effect of compressive strength, longitudinal reinforcement on the load carrycapacity and the effect of transverse reinforcement on the shear strength isstudied. An increase in compressive strength by (65.56%) causes an increase inload carrying capacity and shear strength at cracking load by (21.47% and162.9%) respectively. An increase in longitudinal reinforcement ratio forbending by (153.8%) caused an increase in load carrying capacity by (46.37%)when the longitudinal reinforcement ratio is kept constant, an increase intransverse reinforcement index by(59.25% %) causes an increase in shearstrength at ultimate load by (6.55 %).By using multiple nonlinear stepwise regression method, based on data inthis research and from other literature; equations were proposed for predictingshear strength at cracking and ultimate loads. These proposed equations showgood agreement and they are conservative when compared with equations givenby Codes of practice.}, keywords = {High Strength Concrete,L-shape beam,bending and shear}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181439.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_181439_e3fe16ef7eaea37cf867f8d4a6d14884.pdf} }