@article { author = {H. J. M, Alalkawi and Abed-Aljabar, Talal and H. Alokaidi, Safaa}, title = {Analysis the Effects of Shot Peening Upon the Mechanical and Fatigue Properties of 2024-T351 Al-Alloy}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, year = {2012}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.30.1.1}, abstract = {This paper presents an experimental study on the effect of shot peening onmechanical properties and residual stresses of 2024-T351 Aluminum alloy. Under theeffects of shot peening time SPT the results show that the existence of SPT canimprove the mechanical properties and fatigue life up to a limit value of SPT. The 15minutes SPT gave the highest value of (σu, σy) which is about 6.7 % for (σu) and 11.7% for (σy). Empirical equations were proposed to evaluate the SPT with theendurance limit stress and the residual stresses.}, keywords = {Shot peening,Mechanical properties,fatigue life,residual stresses,Aluminum Alloy}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25811.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25811_f837d6afc2785b87029fa0ccc7b968ca.pdf} } @article { author = {Gh. Wadday, Ahmed and A. Alseyab, Saod and S. bdullah, Abdulkareem}, title = {A Modified Grouped Linear ZF Algorithm Using Different Modulation Schemes for MIMO Systems}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {13-23}, year = {2012}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.30.1.2}, abstract = {A new algorithm for a group iterative linear Zero-Forcing (ZF) receiver formultiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems is proposed in this paper. Theproposed algorithm merges between the group linear ZF receiver and V-Blastalgorithms, where the signals in every group are detected by linear ZF method andthen successive interference cancellation detection is applied between the differentgroups. Three types of modulation schemes are adopted for testing this algorithmnamely; BPSK, QPSK, and 16 QAM. Simulation results show that the proposedalgorithm achieves a performance improvement over the ZF algorithm and thegrouped linear ZF algorithm at modulations (BPSK, QPSK). The proposed schemeoffers better performance gain for BPSK modulation of about 7dB and 2dB comparedwith ZF and MMSE schemes respectively at BER of 10-3. On the other hand, theproposed scheme offer better performance gain of about 3dB and 1dB compared withZF and minimum mean square error schemes for QPSK modulation at BER 10-3.However, at using modulation of (16QAM), the performance of the proposedalgorithm is almost the same as that of the aforementioned algorithms. A littleincrease of computational complexity is noticed with this proposed algorithmcompared with both the ZF, MMSE and the grouped linear ZF algorithms.}, keywords = {Blast,zero forcing,Minimum mean square receiver and MIMO}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25812.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25812_f5eddaf7dd2288f05e813ab96365dd60.pdf} } @article { author = {Abdual Hassan Saleh, Nathera and Kallsan Kuess, Saddam}, title = {Studying a Buckling Behavior for Edge Cracked Plates Under Compression}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {24-42}, year = {2012}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.30.1.3}, abstract = {In this work, the buckling behavior for edge cracked plates undercompression loading is studied considering the influence of the crack parameters(i.e. size, location and orientation), plate aspect ratio and plate boundaryconditions. The problem was solved numerically using finite element methodutilizing ANSYS software version11 .The obtained results show that the crackparameters as well as plate aspect ratio and plate boundary conditions areefficient factors on the buckling coefficient and corresponding nodal patterns ofsuch plates. The useful numerical results for buckling coefficients andcorresponding nodal patterns are displayed in figures. According to the author'sknowledge about the published literature on the buckling field, there is nospecific report on the nodal patterns results of such edge cracked plates.}, keywords = {Buckling,edge crack,Compression,Finite element method}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25813.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25813_95cb941445584405249af02ad5574530.pdf} } @article { author = {Z.Yahya, Khaled and Adel Ahmed, Muhanad}, title = {Fabrication and Study Nanostructure Deposited Thin Films Heterojunction Solar Cell}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {43-50}, year = {2012}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.30.1.4}, abstract = {In the present paper, nanostructure tin oxide (SnO2) thin films on Si P-type substrates heterojunction solar cell has been made by using a pulsed 532 nm Nd:YAG laser. Deposition of films is achieved at 400 °C substrate temperatures. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the deposited films are crystalline with tetragonal rutile SnO2 structure. The morphology of deposited films were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM), the grain size value (30–50) nm and rms roughness values are (2.8 nm) for thin films deposited at 400ºC. Photoluminescence PL spectrum showed good light emission in the visible field. The photovoltaic characteristics included short circuit current (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), where the maximum (Jsc) and (Voc)obtained at AM1 were 14.3 (mA cm-2) and 630(mV), respectively. The fill factor (FF) was (0.68). The fabricated cell exhibits good performance with 7 % conversion efficiency.}, keywords = {Nanostructure SnO,solar cell,Conversion Efficiency}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25814.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25814_3ee57e16ec35ba3cd92bd697efd06ce9.pdf} } @article { author = {M. Butrus, Karima and A. Mohsin, Hayder and R. Mohammad Jawad, Ali}, title = {Modeling and Control of pH Process for Weak Acid-Weak Base System}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {51-66}, year = {2012}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.30.1.5}, abstract = {This paper studies the model and control of pH neutralization process of waste water system using different control schemes. An experimental investigation was conducted for the dynamic behavior of neutralization process of waste water in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). A dynamic model for pH neutralization process in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is described by a first order plus dead time (FOPDT). The pH value is calculated by solving the charge balance of the mixture. Good agreement is obtained between the simulated and experimental responses. However, a small differences between the responses due to the error in the measurements. The conventional feedback control was studies in this work and the controller parameters was tuned by Ziegler-Nichols reaction curve method to find the best values of proportional gain (Kc), integral time (t I) and derivative time (t D). Artificial Neural Network Model Predictive Control (ANN MPC) was used as another strategy to compare with above strategy. The ANN controller was compared with conventional controller and it was found that ANN controller provides better control for the set point changes with low settling time and lower overshoot. Whereas the conventional controller provides sluggish behavior in set point change. Also it was found that the ANN controller provides better response to regulated change than the conventional controllers where the PI and PID controllers provide sluggish disturbance responses because the approximate FOPTD model has relatively small time delay. As non-linear process the conventional feedback controller was unable to control this system adequately.}, keywords = {Process Control,Neutralization Process,pH Control,Nonlinear Dynamic,ANN Control}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25815.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25815_b3d4c8220a0f30645aeaf626c7e9ff57.pdf} } @article { author = {Sharif Hamadi, Adel and Talib Remedhan, Shurooq and Abd Ali, Haider}, title = {Phosphate Rock Treatment with Hydrochloric Acid for Increasing P2O5 Content}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {67-76}, year = {2012}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.30.1.6}, abstract = {The present paper deals with the treatment of phosphate obtained from a commercial sample of Akashat phosphate ore in hydrochloric acid. The factors studied are effects of the temperature of dissolution, acid concentration, and the time required for mixing phases. The experiments were performed with 100 kg/m3 of solid/liquid ratio, the size of the particles ranged 125-140 μm, the initial acid concentrations were 20, 30 and 40 wt% HCl, and the temperature of dissolution was kept constant at 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 oC. The results indicated that the percentage of P2O5 increases as the HCl concentration increased using different time and temperatures. Also, the results showed that the best conditions for P2O5 recovery process according were acid concentration 40%, reaction time of 90 min, and temperature 30 oC.}, keywords = {phosphate rock,dissolution,hydrochloric acid}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25816.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25816_64e9956e4a88a1e042105ac944d0c7f7.pdf} } @article { author = {H. Aghdeab, Shukry}, title = {Predictions on Surface Finish In EDM Based Upon Genetic Network Model}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {77-86}, year = {2012}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.30.1.7}, abstract = {In this study, the comparisons on predictions of surface finish for borosilicate glass work material based upon genetic network model by used Simulnet program. Genetic network (GN) has been used to investigate the process control for EDM that could the Ra experimental and prediction with accuracy of 94.236%. The differences on the Ra at genetic network model for (80×60×3mm) of BSG never exceed (8%) from testing data sets.}, keywords = {borosilicate glass,genetic network model}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25817.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25817_ca9e1b5479864f5fa930261bc993b4d5.pdf} } @article { author = {Obaid Abbas, Hassan}, title = {Effect of Adding Fine Gravel and Cement on Settlement of Sabkha Soil}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {87-97}, year = {2012}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.30.1.8}, abstract = {Sabkha soil is one of the many types of collapsible soils and in turn is on of the many types of problematic soils. This soil is totally having good engineering properties when dry ,i.e ,moderately bearing capacity with low settlement .But once are wetted they loose their entire structure (collapse) and undergo very large instantaneous settlement .A laboratory model test consists of a cylindrical steel container of 270mm diameter and 300mm height, the soil is brought from Al-Khalis discrete .The density of soil is controlled by placing the required weight inside the container of known volume, to the required height .A square footing 60x60mm makes from steel is used .The stress is applied from a fixed loading system designed especially for model tests .In this study two types of treatment carried out ,the first treatment is added fine gravel only with percentages (2%,4.5%,6%) to soil which is not give good improvement .The second type of improvement is added 3% of cement with fine gravel (4.5%,6%) percentages which give good improvement, reduced the collapsibility to 84% .Also, when adding 3% of cement with 4.5% fine gravel to soil ,give good improvement, reduced the collapsibility to 90% .}, keywords = {Sabkha soil,Collapsibility,Behavior}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25818.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25818_39a29600961ac89bf7f783807b71831d.pdf} } @article { author = {Hermez Esckanda, Dunia}, title = {The Influence of Laser Surface Hardening on Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Steel Ck45}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {98-108}, year = {2012}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.30.1.9}, abstract = {This paper describes the effect of laser surface treatment on wearesistance of steel Ck45 .A Pulse Nd:YAG laser with wave length 1064 nm and pulse duration 100 ns was used by applying one pulse ,two pulses with different laser energies (500, 750, 1000 mJ). Pin-on-disc technique was done to define wear rate with different forces (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 N) and different sliding speeds (1.319 ,2.199, 3.078, 3.958 m/s) for constant time (20 min) and constant rotating disc 720 r.p.m with 45HRC .Also defined microhardness which decreases far from the hardened surface , depth of hardening was evaluated through optical microscopy . The results of this work demonstrated that improvement in wear resistance for 1000 mJ laser energy more than the other energies for one pulse and two pulses ,while wear resistance for two pulses more than one pulse for all the energies . X-ray analysis results show that precipitation of another carbides like iron carbides ,chromium carbides ,manganese carbides after the treatment by laser.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25819.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25819_66bf42c9dd71b3871e9b2e4b64d8dc5f.pdf} } @article { author = {Monem S. Rahma, Abdul and Abdullah, A.Y. and J. Abdul-Hussen, A.M.}, title = {Modified Method For Generating B-Spline Curves of Degree Three And Their Controlling}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {109-127}, year = {2012}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.30.1.10}, abstract = {The reaction between designer, and design needs modified methods to control the design. This paper presents modified mathematical technique for controlling the generation of the 2D designs of third degree, by using modified Gallier of Bezier curves. The paper discuses a polynomial in terms, of polar forms, with respect to the parameter. The modified method has resulted in good starting point, to generate which 2D design, algorithm which allows the designer to produce a design in combinational way allows him to get the shape that he has in his mind keeping the four control points for 2D design. The method shows a great flexibility in 2D design controlling area with changing. There is no need to change the control points of the design; moreover efficiency in designs is obtained in comparison with that needed for conventional methods. Keywords: Gallier of Bezier curves, B-Spline Curves.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25820.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25820_0b7d9a1d9568e206f128a850a3e4c12e.pdf} } @article { author = {S. Almukhtar, Riyadh and A. Ageena, Nagham}, title = {Water Recycling / Reuse in Factories Case Study Soft Drink Factory}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {128-141}, year = {2012}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.30.1.11}, abstract = {The aim of the present work is to study water recycling and reuse in a soft drink Factory. Water is an essential raw material in the soft drink productions with a consumption of 2.5 to 3.5 liter of water per liter of soft drink. The wastewater generated in this industry is mainly from bottle washing, filler backwashing, washing of bottle machines, equipments, floors and pipe work during flavor changing. The major contaminants in this effluent are caustic soda and sucrose In order to reduce water consumption and volume of wastewater generated in the soft drink plant, Sulave private sector factory was chosen as a case study of the generated wastewater in the plant .The study was carried out between May till October 2010 for measuring and monitoring various pollutants of the generated wastewater in the plant. Two strategies had been proposed, in the first wastewater out of bottle washing machine and washing columns could be recycled to the units if treated by: Filtration- Adsorption-Reverse Osmosis system, this proposal reduced water consumption in the factory by about 35% and decreased wastewater effluents by 65% of total wastewater effluents. The second strategy was to reuse water out of the bottle washing machine after treating it by: Filtration-Adsorption system to be used in the washing column .The water consumption in this strategy was reduced by about 15% with a reduction of 35% in wastewater effluents}, keywords = {Water recycling,Reuse,Soft drink factory}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25821.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25821_b345e02f97a64f17f768718415ac98a7.pdf} } @article { author = {I. Abbas, Eyad and R. Farhan, Hameed}, title = {Face Recognition using DWT with HMM}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {142-154}, year = {2012}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.30.1.12}, abstract = {This paper presents an efficient face recognition system based on Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and the simplest type “Haar” of the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The one dimensional ergodic HMM with Gaussian outputs, which represent the simplest and robust type of HMM, is used in the proposed work. A novel method is introduced for selecting the training images implemented by choosing the images that have the odd identifying numbers from the database. Some of these images are replaced according to the trial-and-error results. The proposed work achieves the maximum recognition rate (100%), where the experiments are carried out on the ORL face database.}, keywords = {Discrete Wavelet Transform,hidden Markov model,face recognition}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25822.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25822_4eb033fa66d3bb5494854a95c0e6bec3.pdf} } @article { author = {M. Nuri, Thamer and Nasser Y. Ali, Abdul and Ahmed, Shaima}, title = {Correlation Study Between Point Load Test And Uniaxial Compressive Strength and Tensile Strength of Some Sedimentary Rocks In Mosul City}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {155-166}, year = {2012}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.30.1.13}, abstract = {The point load test is used as a quick and inexpensive means of obtaining rock strength indexes when logging core samples in either a field or laboratory setting. In order to estimate the Uniaxial compressive strength, indirect tensile strength (Brazilian and 4-point bending)of the rocks, index to strength conversion factors are used to involve three types of the most popular sedimentary rocks in Mosul city, which are limestone, sandstone and gypsum in both dry and wet conditions. The results showed that a conversion factors,(14.55,15.9) can be used to estimate compressive strength for both limestone and gypsum rocks in dry and wet conditions respectively. The study also found that conversion factors,(1.4,2.6) are applied in dry condition for the three rocks in Brazilian and Bending tests.}, keywords = {Point Load Index,Uniaxial Compressive Strength,Conversion factor}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25823.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25823_1c72ea26c17e7c9f5b7e1e60def522dc.pdf} } @article { author = {Adel Ali, Hayat}, title = {Approximate Solution for Linear Time- Delayed Improper Integral Equation Using Orthogonal Polynomials}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {167-174}, year = {2012}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.30.1.14}, abstract = {In this paper we adopt the collocation method based on orthogonal polynomials (Laguerre, Hermite) to solve linear time delayed improper integral equation approximately. Some examples are given to illustrate the high accuracy and the efficiency of the proposed numerical techniques.}, keywords = {Improper integral Equation,Time delayed,Orthogonal polynomials}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25825.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25825_812ddf31888339153a4a74bcf0ec88dc.pdf} } @article { author = {Abd-Allah M. Al-Juboury, Intehaa}, title = {Registration of Satellite Images by Using the Linear Transformations}, journal = {Engineering and Technology Journal}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {175-188}, year = {2012}, publisher = {University of Technology-Iraq}, issn = {1681-6900}, eissn = {2412-0758}, doi = {10.30684/etj.30.1.15}, abstract = {The processes of rectification and registration that conducted at the satellite images of the most important steps in images interpretation and extract information for use in various applications of remote sensing. There are things that must be observed before entering into the details of the operation. There are a number of important factors that must be considered. Such as the illumination angle, Sun- Earth distance varies throughout the year. In addition to the effects of environmental, climatic and weather such as cloud, haze, dusty weather, cover for one of the dates, that affect the nature of the scene this requires effort and extra work for the interpretation of these satellite images after removing the mistakes in them when captured by the satellite. The first process applied to the satellite image is the Pre-Processing process, and which includes radiometric and geometric corrections. In this paper, image to map registration method, of 1st order transform, has been performed to correct the SPOT image from geometric errors using geoimage of “UTM” projection. The total RMS error, which has been reached, was less than one meter,. The results were obtained using the ready program (ENVI).}, keywords = {Image Pre,Processing,Geometric Correction,Map Projection,Image Transformation,Image Rectification,Image resampling}, url = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25826.html}, eprint = {https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_25826_20229ef264c359bdd61a75a37e3ceb3f.pdf} }