eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
46
51
10.30684/etj.28.2.18
26962
Comparison primary treatment study for chemical and biochemical process on cotton waste products as energy source for A.niger
This study was designed for chemical and biochemical processes on wastecotton as energy resource by Aspergillus niger. In the tenth day the highpercentage in protein production 13.13% and Cellulose degree consumption58% by chemical and biochemical process. The chemical process was done by theuse of sodium hydroxide 0.20N, but the biochemical process is very carriage usethe enzymatic extraction of Trichoderme viride.30 mg per mL. At the seventh dayit is found that the biochemical process gives highest degree of protein productionin cellulose consumption 8.93%.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26962_cacbad6215635e6b1b330c68665c113f.pdf
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
52
62
10.30684/etj.28.2.19
26964
Heat Transfer from Longitudinally Finned Cylinder with Different Inclination angles inside Adiabatic Duct
This study deals with heat transfer by free convection from the outer surface oftwo cylinders (Triangular & Rectangular shape fined cylinder 8-fins). Theexperimental work was conducted with air as a heat transport medium. Thecylinders were fixed at horizontal rectangular duct and fixed at different inclinationangles (0o, 30o, 60o, 90o) .The heat fluxes were (279, 1012, 1958, 3005, 4419)W/m2. Where heat transferred by convection and radiation. The results show theheat transferred from the triangular finned cylinder is maximum at slop angle (30o)and minimum at the slop angle (0o) with the range from [Ra = (1.68*107 –3.46*108)].
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26964_7a178166a867d7b73f3f6d8d6c4f7ad1.pdf
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
63
80
10.30684/etj.28.2.20
26965
The Impact of Educational Architectural Studio's Environment on Student's Performance
Generally;the conditions in an educational studio's by providing a suitableenvironment for the students, "place of work' has a profound impact on the student'sphysical and mental creativity. Hence; this study forms the basic for the preparationof a thoughtful generation of architects (designers) qualified to take leading roles inthe development and progress of the society.Basic requirement in the paper highlights the level of the Environment Conditions inthe educational architectural studios provided for the students and can be consideredas the main motive for the research, in determining the problems and procedures.The main aim of this research is directly related to the educational environmentcreated in the studios, "as place of work" and its impact on student's performance.Therefore, the research attempts to define the main characteristics in the studios andtheir specifications in order to explain the nature of the impact; this is done by usingthe analysis method and information used in (excel) analytical program. Thenconclusions and recommendations can be drawn.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26965_8e2a3bbfd91bc1bcfa450cbb54c97b56.pdf
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
224
235
10.30684/etj.28.2.1
26933
The Use of Local Sawdust as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Copper Ion from Wastewater Using Fixed Bed Adsorption
Nagham A. Ageena
1
The aim of the present work is to study the removal of copper ion presents inindustrial waste water using the local sawdust.Adsorption column was utilized in the removal process at constant temperature.The effect of the concentration of copper ion in the range (100-500) mg/L wasstudied. Increasing the inlet ion concentration increases the slope of the breakthroughcurve. The effect of bed height in the range of (10-30) cm on copper ionadsorption from wastewater was studied. The increase in bed height increases thebreak point values. The effect of flow rate in the range (0.5-1.5) cm3/sec on copperion adsorption also was studied. Increasing the flow rate decreases the breakthroughtime. The best operating conditions in this work for copper ion adsorptionare 100 mg/L of feed, 30 cm bed height and 0.5 cm3/sec feed flow rate. It wasfound that the equilibrium relation agrees with Langmuir & Freundlich equations.Finally accumulation adsorption of copper ion at different operating conditionswas calculated.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26933_ba2257dc1474d8a67140e62f6e7fe5f0.pdf
adsorption
sawdust
Copper Ion
wastewater
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
236
252
10.30684/etj.28.2.2
26934
Digitally Processed Geophysical Data Sets for Identification of Geological Features in Southern Iraq
Hussein H. Karim
1
Hussain Z. Ali
2
Ahmed H. Hamdullah
3
The conventional remotely-sensed satellite imagery is suited for regionalinvestigations in areas of good exposures which are reduced in southern Iraq due tovegetation, water – covered areas and flat terrains. An imagery produced fromdigitally processed geophysical data is an extremely powerful technique foridentification of geological features in such areas of extreme economic importance .By utilizing an appropriate digital processing, the geophysical contour maps havebeen converted to geophysical images. Images produced from digitally processedgeophysical data (gravity and aeromagnetic) have been analyzed by polynomialfiltering ( using several degrees ) allow major features to be delineated clearly. Anintegrated image of gravity and aeromagnetic data sets has been produced using thebest of polynomial filtering ( 6th degree residuals ) . The interpretation of final outputimages shows the association of negative gravity and magnetic residual anomalieswith some anticlinal structures , while positive residuals are associated with theothers. The positive residuals could be due to basement uplift , and the reversedvalues could be due to deep- seated light core probably salt beds. Basrah depressionexhibits negative residuals.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26934_685435e0081293e815ba66968c5a492f.pdf
GIS
Digital image processing
Polynomial filtering
Geophysical data
Geological features
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
253
260
10.30684/etj.28.2.3
26936
Spectral Method and B- Spline Functions for Approximate Solution of Optimal Control Problem
Saba S. Hassen
1
In this paper an efficient algorithm is proposed, which is based on applying the ideaof spectral method using the B-spline polynomials to find an approximate solution offinite quadratic optimal control problems (QOCP), which are governed by ordinarydifferential equations, represent the constraints.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26936_3daa03fc21532d2fcb8da71d303ea593.pdf
Optimal control
Spectrai method
spline polynomials
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
261
270
10.30684/etj.28.2.4
26937
Proposed Enhancement algorithm for Company Employers Management using Genetic Algorithm in Data Mining
Dalia Nabeel Kamal
1
Data mining is a process of automatically discovering useful information inlarge data repositories that uses a variety of data analysis tools to discover patternsand relationships that can be hidden among vast amount of data. From thesepatterns and relationships, businesses and organizations can make validpredictions about future trends in all areas of business. Association rule mining isa typical approach used in data mining domain for uncovering interesting trends,patterns and rules in large datasets.This research concentrates on one particular aspect to improve the efficiency ofthe association rules technique in data mining and implement the proposedalgorithm on employers management system. The resulted association whichintroduced by applying rule technique, will be treated by genetic algorithm to finda new rules that might be more efficient and powerful for proposed data base bypropose cross point ,threshold for fitness to deal consistently with the formula ofthe association rules, and gives good results.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26937_c1b4f80fd76be168feea1056a3dbe95f.pdf
Association Rules
frequent item sets
closed frequent item sets and maximal frequent item sets
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
271
281
10.30684/etj.28.2.5
26939
BSA: A Hybrid Bees’ Simulated Annealing Algorithm To Solve Optimization & NP-Complete Problems
Ahmed Tariq Sadiq
1
Amaal Ghazi Hamad
2
Swarm-based algorithms such as Bees Algorithm BA have proven to be verypowerful computational techniques due to their search capabilities. Other methodswhich are useful in diverse application areas are simulated annealing, evolutionstrategies etc. The searching ability of these algorithms can be improved by properlyblending their characteristic features. In this paper an attempt is made to intermix thesearch properties of BA and SA, in order to develop a hybrid algorithm which isequally applicable and has a better searching ability and power to reach a near optimalsolution. This leads to the development of a fast method to solve complicated types ofoptimization and NP-complete problems.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26939_5d631c51b012b5397b1378492fcd641e.pdf
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
282
288
10.30684/etj.28.2.6
26942
The Effect of Artificial Aging on Mechanical Properties of Metal Matrix Composite
Jenan S. Kashan
1
Recently the use of the composite material based on aluminum alloys matrix isincreased because of their good mechanical properties and light weight.In this work the addition of % SiC particle to the aluminum (6063) matrix effect wasconsidered and the solution heat treatment was applied on the produced compositematerial which has optimum properties followed by artificial aging.The work shows that the hardness increased and the wear rate decreased with theaddition of silicon carbide particles (SiC) , where as optimum produced compositematerial which has best properties is ( 15% SiC ) . On the other hand the increasingin temperature and time of artificial aging increases the properties.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26942_77d0c892cbe583ba9e3f37df9013ed75.pdf
artificial aging
Metal Matrix Composite
Mechanical properties
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
289
300
10.30684/etj.28.2.7
26944
Mechanical Properties of The Modified Al-12%Si Alloy Reinforced by Ceramic Particles
Haitham Razouqi Saleh
1
The aluminum alloys are important in many industrial applicationsbecause of their light weight and good mechanical properties. For this reasonmany researches had been done to enhance their properties. In this work amodifier was applied to Al-12%Si alloys by adding different percentage ofAntimony powder (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 Wt %). The mechanical properties ofthe modified alloys were considered. The optimum properties were found byadding 0.3% Antimony powder. This alloy was used as the matrix for theproduction of composite material (aluminum matrix reinforced by ceramicparticles (Y2O3) with different weight percent (3,6,9 and 12%Wt)) using vortextechnique. The casting parameters were 3 minute as a mixing time and 300 r.p.mas a mixing speed. The microstructure, hardness and wear test were applied on themodified alloy and composite materials. The effect of the addition of Antimonyand reinforcement particles on the microstructure, hardness and wear rate of thecomposite material were considered. The results show that the addition ofAntimony leads to the microstructure refinement and change the silicon shape inthe alloy from the flake – like or lamellar – like to fibrous – like In addition to theincreasing the hardness when Sb is up to 0.3%, after that the hardness willdecrease, as well as the addition of ceramic particles increase the hardness andd e c r e a se the wear rate.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26944_2e2e762d714e89eb692600e59236c8d6.pdf
composites
modifier
Wear Rate
Hardness
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
301
306
10.30684/etj.28.2.8
26945
Study the Properties of Silicon Nanocrystallites Prepared By Wet Etching
Mukkaram A. fakhery
1
This work presents the formation of porous silicon by photo-electrochemicalprocesses using diode laser 514 nm, 2mW, under different etching times. The timedependence of porosity values, layer thickness, pore diameter, pore shape ,wallthickness, and etching rate were studied based on SEM images.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26945_172cee0503c33cf10e6e14e49fe531d1.pdf
porous silicon
Laser beam
SEMImages
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
307
313
10.30684/etj.28.2.9
26947
The Study of the magnetic modes and Quality Factor in the Gyrotron Tube
Luma Y. Abbas
1
A. N. Mohammed
2
This paper involves the study of quality factor as a function of (D/L), where Dis the cavity diameter and L is the cavity length (cm unit) of cylindrical cavity ingyrotron tube. In this study we designed MODE_2 for calculating the quality factor ofthe modes for 0.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26947_0835d5d6c7cd7a6b41203c8cf45dab4b.pdf
Gyrotron Tube
Quality Factor
TM modes
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
314
321
10.30684/etj.28.2.10
26948
Morphological Aspects of Oxidized Porous Silicon Prepared by Photo Electrochemical Etching
Ali A. A
1
Zahraa S. Ahmed
2
Alwan M. Alwan
3
This paper reports morphological properties of porous silicon and oxidizedporous silicon, prepared by photo electrochemical etching from n-type silicon wafers asa function of experimental parameters. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM)Observations of porous silicon layers were obtained before and after rapid thermaloxidation process under different preparation and oxidation conditions .The surfacemorphology, Pore diameter, wall thickness, pore shape and porosity values were,studied based on microstructure analyses of (SEM) images.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26948_1dfc865cdbed6cf8d577c75aa4e5e62f.pdf
porous silicon
Thermal oxidation
SEM
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
322
339
10.30684/etj.28.2.11
26949
Bond Strength-Splice Length in Concrete Beams Confined by Transverse Reinforcement
Sameh Badry Tobeia Shuker
1
This work aim to study the effect of transverse reinforcement , area of splicebar, concrete cover thickness , rib area and the increasing in concrete strength (highstrengthconcrete) on bond strength between concrete and reinforcing spliced bars .Therefore, a new simple equation is derived for beams with spliced bars andconfined by transverse reinforcement to calculate bond strength and reflects theeffects of these factors .Where many of existing codes and provisions used tocalculate the spliced strength do not include or reflect the influencing of these factorsin bond strength estimation . Based on experimental results from previous works ,(116) confined beams with spliced bars are investigated in this study , whereconcrete compressive strength ( c f ¢) ranging from 25 MPa to 113.793 MPa ,amountof transverse reinforcement vary in a wide range and , conventional and highrelative rib area of deformed bars are present in these beams . The proposed methodexceed the limitation of ( f MPa c ¢ £ 69 ) that given by ACI code .Where theproposed method is examined and applicable for concrete compressive strength upto 113 MPa . Also, in this work the second root of c f ¢is examined , as concretestrength increased with high-strength concrete , to reach a suitable value for bothnormal and high- strength concrete and to be more appropriate with the heavypresent of transverse reinforcement . Power of (0.35) is adopted and used in thiswork instead of the second root of c f ¢
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26949_85fa5a419de02791e8956886141c9198.pdf
beams
Concrete
Bond strength
splice length
transverse reinforcement
Confinement
Rib Area
high
strength concrete
deformed bar
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
340
355
10.30684/etj.28.2.12
26951
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Laterally Loaded Piles in Cohesive Sediments
Tahsin M. Toma
1
Laterally loaded single piles are usually analyzed by methods deriveddirectly from the classical beam on elastic foundation or Winkler soil model. Soilstrength is characterized using modulus of sub-grade reaction.Early solutions that employed Winkler’s model assumed that the modulus ofsub-grade reaction is constant with depth, or linearly varying with depth, whilein fact it varies nonlinearly with depth due to the nonlinear soil response toloads. The characterization of soil using “p-y curves” concept; (which relates thesoil reaction and pile deflection at typical points along its length, and extractedfrom field tests), is proper for representing nonlinearity in soil response, andgives better solutions. Another method used for the solution of the problem oflaterally loaded piles is the elastic continuum method. In this method the soil ismodeled as an elastic media, such formulation poses increased difficulty whenthe soil modulus varies with depth.The Sub-grade Reaction or Winkler method of solution is used through thisstudy. The soil is characterized by a nonlinear springs with employing the “p-y”model, while the pile is modeled as a two-node element.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26951_cb2f98f708156bdf2fe10836dd55191c.pdf
piles
cohesive sediments
nonlinear
Finite element analysis
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
356
368
10.30684/etj.28.2.13
26952
Multi Focus Image Fusion Using Statistical Approaches
Rana F. Ghani
1
Abdulameer A. Kareem
2
Pictures of the long focal lengths cameras, suffer from the problem of limiteddepth of field. Consequently, it is often difficult to obtain good focus for allobjects in the picture. In this work, the problem of multi focus is solved by takingseveral pictures with different focus points, and then fusing them together to forma single image using image fusion method. Contrast of the source images is usedas a measure to select the proper pixels (pixels with high focus) to obtain thefused (output) image. This work suggests using three statistical measures ofcontrast to calculate the pixels gradient magnitude. Those three measures areapplied and compared with the traditional method of gradient magnitude measures(Sobel and Perwit) in Multi focus Image Fusion. The results show that themodified methods gave better results than Sobel and Perwit methods.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26952_57b70cf4dcdbcedb942d63e646ebc1a7.pdf
Multi Focus Image
Image Fusion
Statistic
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
369
381
10.30684/etj.28.2.14
26954
Solving Second Order Non-Linear Boundary Value Problems by Four Numerical Methods
afar Mohamad
1
Anwar Ja
2
The boundary value problems for the 2nd order non-linear ordinarydifferential equations are solved by using four numerical methods. Thesenumerical methods are Rung-Kutta of 4th order, Rung–Kutta Butcher of 6th order,differential transformation method, and the Homotopy perturbation method. Threephysical problems from the literature are solved by the four methods for comparingthe results. The results were presented in tables and figures. The differentialtransformation method appeared to be effective and reliable to find the seminumerical-analytical solutions for such type of boundary value problems.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26954_afc019c28deb1243b82305c4516a7d57.pdf
Boundary Value Problem
Rung
Kutta RK
Differential transformation method
Homotopy perturbation method
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
382
398
10.30684/etj.28.2.15
26956
Generate Random Image-Key using Hash Technique
Nidaa F. Hassan
1
Akbas E. Ali
2
Teaba Wala Aldeen
3
Random image is very useful to be used as a source for clipping randomnesssession keys in cryptography. In this paper a new algorithm is proposed to generaterandom image .The random image is generated by mixing initialization vector withnormal digital image; the mixing process is applied in the same way as HASHtechnique. A special cryptography algorithm for generating random numbers isused to generate initialization vector. This proposed algorithm is capable ofgenerating random image that can meet security requirements of cryptographicalgorithms.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26956_a4171eaed71a8cbb476eca09d5f57e17.pdf
Cryptography
random image in cryptography
hash function
random key
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
399
415
10.30684/etj.28.2.16
26957
Performance Study of a Modified Sine Wave Inverter
Jamal A. Mohammed
1
This paper presents the performance of a modified sine wave voltage sourceinverter with duty cycle. Evaluation of quality factors like the Total HarmonicDistortion THD of the output voltage for various values of switching-on angle αindicates that the minimum harmonic distortion occurs at α=23.2180, where theTHD is 28.96%, about 60% of that of the square wave. The 3rd harmonic is about12.61% of the fundamental, and about third of the square wave.The current paper, illustrates the inverter waveforms and how different typesof loads behave when operating from them. Therefore, the THD of the outputcurrent depends on the load types. Results of typical load types are presented.No heavy filters or complex timing circuits are necessary; therefore, theresulting inverter is smaller, lighter weight, and simpler, implying greaterreliability and lower cost. These advantages invite a closer look at inverter-motorsystems. Variations in induction motor performance may occur when the motor isdriven from a modified sine wave inverter rather than a sine wave source.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26957_c137b5c3685ebe0a415359cbbb337995.pdf
Modified Sine Wave
THD
inverter
eng
University of Technology-Iraq
Engineering and Technology Journal
1681-6900
2412-0758
2010-01-01
28
2
416
430
10.30684/etj.28.2.17
26959
The Influence of Water Injection on Two - Shaft Gas Turbine Performance with Regeneration
Muthana K. Aldoory
1
A two-shaft gas turbine type GT-85-2-H has been modified and convertedinto a research unit. The main modifications consist of incorporating regenerationsystem and water spray system in the inlet air duct of the GT-85-2-H gas turbine.The influence of regeneration and water injection in the air intake on gas turbineperformance has been studied. The results show that regeneration improves thethermal efficiency by about 56% due to reduction in the fuel consumption, andreduces the power output due to back pressure losses that occur because of theregenerative system by about 20.67%.The brake specific fuel consumption isreduced by about 59%.Water injection strongly affects the power output. Water injection tends toincrease the brake power output by about 47%.The thermal efficiency is alsoincreased by about 30%.The specific fuel consumption is reduced by about 29%.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26959_3b00ecf2a805c24f69cd5688ad70a726.pdf
Gas turbine
Water injection
Regeneration