ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Oil Removal from Oilfield Produced Water, North Rumaila by Combination CoagulationFlocculation and Microfiltration Technique
The Southern Oil Company, which is operated in North Rumaila oilfield in Basrah/ Iraq, is one of the important companies which produced huge amounts of produced oilfield water. The aim of this study is to treat the produced water by hybrid methods: the process of coagulation-flocculation and microfiltration technique (ceramic membrane) to remove the oil content and improve the water quality to meet the allowable limit of reinjection into the reservoir. Poly-aluminum chloride (PAC), and Ferric Chloride (FeCl3.6H2O) coagulants were used separately and in combination with cationic polyelectrolyte (PE). After produced water was treated with different doses of coagulant, it was passed through the Microfiltration technique/ ceramic membrane (0.5µm) to reach the allowable limit for reinjection. It was found that the best value of oil content after passing through ceramic membrane is 0.2 mg/L at FeCl3.6H2O dose (10 mg/L) combined with PE dose (0.6 mg/L), which was less than the allowable limit for re-injection, (5) ppm.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_168963_2dfb500f19f226777fbc8202756d8493.pdf
2019-05-25
204
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10.30684/etj.37.2C.1
Produced Water
Coagulation
Flocculation
Ceramic Membrane, Oil Content
Thamer
Mohammed
thamer_jasim58@yahoo.com
1
Chemical Engineering, Department, University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
Eman
Awad
2
Environmental Research Center, University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
Thabit
Ahmed
3
Petroleum Research and Development Center, Ministry of Oil - Iraq
AUTHOR
[1] E.L. Hagström, C. Lyles, and M. Pattanayek,
1
“Produced Water – Emerging Challenges, Risks and
2
Opportunities,” Environmental Claims Journal, Vol.
3
28, No. 2, pp. 122-39, 2016.
4
[2] J. Enid, G. Sullivan, C. Anne, F. Jakle and D.
5
Martin, “Reuse of oil and gas produced water in southeastern New Mexico: resource assessment, treatment
6
processes, and policy,” Water International, Vol.40,
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No. 5-6, pp. 809-823, 2015.
8
DOI:10.1080/02508060.2015.1096126
9
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emissions of oil in water from offshore oil and gas
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installations: economic and environmental
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implications,” J. Clean. Prod., Vol. 15, pp. 1302–
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1315, 2007.
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[4] C.E. Clark, J.A. Veil, “Produced water volumes
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and management practices in the United States,”
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Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), 2009.
17
[5] U.W.R. Siagian, S. Widodo, A.K. Wardani, and
18
I.G. Wenten, “Oilfield Produced Water Reuse and
19
Reinjection with Membrane,” MATEC Web of
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Conferences 156, 08005, 2018.
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https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815608005
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[6] S. Nesic, and V.V. Streletskaya, “An integrated
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approach for produced water treatment and injection,”
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Georesursy = Georesources, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 25-
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31, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18599/
26
grs.2018.1.25-31
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[7] J. Veil, M. Puder et al., “A white paper
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Describing Produced Water From Production of Crude
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Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Bed Methane,” prepared
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by Argonne National Laboratory, 2004.
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[8] B. Shattuck, “Permian water management
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economics: What’s on the margin? Water Management
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for the Permian Basin,” Houston, TX, 2015.
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[9] H. Yusran, and B. yono, "Pollution Impact and
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Alternative Treatment for Produced Water,” E3S Web
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of Conferences (ICENIS 2017) 31, 03004, 2018,
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https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183103004
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[10] F. Al-Razi, A. Pendashteh, L.C. Abdullah, D.R.A.
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Biak, S.S. Madaeni, and Z.Z. Abidin, “Review of
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technologies for oil and gas produced water
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treatment,” J. Hazard Matter, Vol. 170, No. (2-3), pp.
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530-511, 2009. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.044.
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[11] L. Cheng, X. Bi, Y. Ni, "Oilfield Produced Water
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Treatment by Ozone-Enhanced Flocculation,"
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International Conference on Computer Distributed
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Control and Intelligent Environmental Monitoring
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(CDCIEM), pp.1589-1593, 2011.
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[12] T.J. Mohammed, E. Shakir, “Effect of settling
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time, velocity gradient, and camp number on turbidity
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removal for oilfield produced water,” Egypt. J. Petrol.,
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2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.12.006
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synthesis and flocculating of a new flocculent,”
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international conference on advanced in energy
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engineering, 2010.
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control on turbidity and NOM removal in conventional
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water treatment,” Fifteenth International Water
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Technology Conference, IWTC Egypt, 2010.
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Handbook of Community Water Supplies, 5th edn.
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Raymond Letterman (Technical Editor), McGraw-Hill,
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Inc. Washington, D.C. 1999.
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[16] E. Shakir, “Reuse of Oilfields Produced Water
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Treated by Combined Coagulation-Flocculation and
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Microfiltration Technique,” M.Sc. Thesis, Chemical
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Engineering/ University of Technology/ 2013.
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Solution for Southern Oilfield of Iraq,” 1st Iraq Oil and
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Gas conference (1st IOGC); pp. E149-E152, 2012.
71
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Removal of Reactive Red Dye (Cibacron FN-R) from Synthetic Wastewater by Using Natural Substance
Synthetic textile wastewater was simulated by using Cibacron reactive red dye FN-R. Pomegranate peels were used as adsorbents to remove the red dye by applying a continuous fixed bed column reactor system having a filter with a diameter of 30mm and a length of 110mm. The effect of different parameters on the removal efficiency was studied; pH levels (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12), flow rate (27, 45, and 60 ml/min), initial dye concentration (10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/l), and the contact time (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min). It was found that the optimum pH level was within the range of 6 to 6.5. In addition, the removal efficiency was found to increase with decreasing the flow rate and the initial concentration of dye and increasing the contact time. The maximum percentage removal of dye obtained was 90% at pH, flow rate, initial concentration of dye ,and the contact time equal to 6, 27 ml/min, 10 mg/l, and 180 min respectively. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied. The following equations were found for Langmuir and Freundlich respectively; Y=0.017X + 1.110 and Y=0.810X + 0.083. The corresponding correlation coefficients were 0.961 and 0.994, respectively, indicating that the Freundlich isotherm model being more representing to the data obtained in this study.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_168964_3fc6f5d6202da780a6a670f79c8d0114.pdf
2019-05-25
209
213
10.30684/etj.37.2C.2
Reactive red dye
pomegranate peels
Continuous flow reactor
adsorption
Safaa
Al-Hussaini
eng.safa74@yahoo.com
1
Environmental Engineering Department, Al-Mustansiriyah University - Iraq
AUTHOR
Eman
Mohammed
2
Environmental Engineering Department, Al-Mustansiriyah University - Iraq
AUTHOR
Abdul Hameed
Al-Obaidy
10929@uotechnology.edu.iq
3
Environmental Research Center, University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
[1] S.N. Al-Hussaini, “Suggested Improvement
1
Techniques for Diyala River Water Opposite AlRustimiyah Sewage Treatment Plants,” Ph.D.
2
dissertation, Building and Construction Engineering
3
Department, University of Technology, 2016.
4
[2] F. Kong, K. Parhiala, S. Wang, and P. Fatehi,
5
“Preparation of cationic softwood kraft lignin and its
6
application in dye removal,’’ European Polymer
7
Journal, Vol. 67, pp. 335–345, 2015.
8
[3] L.C. Ling, “Treatment of A Reactive Dye, A
9
Disperse Dye, and Their Mixtures Using
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H2O2/Pyridine/Cu (II) System,” MSc. Thesis,
11
University of Science, Malaysia, 2009.
12
[4] A. Wasti and M.A. Awan, “Adsorption of Textile
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Dye onto Modified Immobilized Activated Alumina,”
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Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for
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Basic and Applied Sciences, Vol. 20, pp.26-31, 2016.
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[5] S. Canzano, P. Iovino, S. Salvestrini and S.
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Capasso, “Removal of anionic dye Congo red from
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aqueous solution by row pine and acid treated pine cone
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powder as adsorbent: Equilibrium, Thermodynamic,
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Kinetics, Mechanism, and process design,” Water
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Research, Vol. 46, 2012.
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hazardous azopyrazole dye from an aqueous solution using
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rice straw as waste adsorbent: Kinetic, equilibrium and
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Thermodynamic studies,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A:
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Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Vol. 136,
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pp. 1842–1849, 2015.
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[7] I.H. Dakhil, “A Comparative Study for Removal of
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Dyes from Textile Effluents by Low-Cost Adsorbents,”
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Mesopotamia Env. Journal, Special Issue A, pp.1-9.
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[8] T.A. Kurniawan, G.Y.S. Chan, W.H. Lo. and S.
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Babel, “Comparisons of Low-Cost Adsorbents for
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Treating Wastewaters Laden with Heavy Metals,”
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426, 2005.
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[9] R.F. Gomes, A.C. Neto de Azevedo, A.G.B.
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Pereira, E.C. Muniz, A.R. Fajardo, and F.H.A.
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Rodrigues, “Fast dye removal from water by starchbased nanocomposites,” Journal of Colloid and
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Interface Science, Vol. 454, pp. 200–209, 2015.
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[10] D.P. Pathak1, S.A. Mandavgane, and B.D.
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Kulkarni, “Characterizing fruit and vegetable peels as
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Bioadsorbents,” Current Science, Vol.110, No. 11,
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[11] M. Dehvair, M.T.Ghaneian, A. Ebrahimi, R.
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Jamshidi And M. Mootab, “Removal of Reactive Blue
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19 Dye from Textile Wastewater by Pomegranate Seed
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Powder,” International Journal of Environmental
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Health Engineering, Vol.4, No.4, pp.1-9 2015.
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[12] M.A. Ahmad, N.A. Ahmad Puad, O.S. Bello,
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“Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies of
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synthetic dye removal using pomegranate peel
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activated carbon prepared by microwave-induced
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KOH activation,” Water Resour. Ind., Vol. 6, pp. 18–
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[13] S. Ben-Ali, I. Jaouali, S. Souissi-Najar, and A.
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Ouederni, “Characterization and adsorption capacity of
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raw pomegranate peel biosorbent for copper removal,”
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Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.142, pp. 3809-
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3821, 2017.
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[14] M. Abedi, M.H. Salmani, and S.A. Mozaffari,
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“Adsorption of Cd ions from aqueous solutions by iron
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modified pomegranate peel carbons: kinetic and
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thermodynamic studies,” Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol,
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Vol. 13, pp.2045–2056, 2016, DOI 10.1007/s13762-
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016-1002-7.
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[15] F. Güzel, O. Aksoy and G. Akkaya,
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“Application of pomegranate (punica granatum) pulp
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as a new biosorbent for the removal of a model basic
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dye (methylene blue),” World Appl. Sci. J., Vol. 20,
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pp. 965-975, 2012.
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[16] Sh. M. Goodman, R. Bura and A. B. Dichiara,
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“Facile Impregnation of Graphene into Porous Wood
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Filters for the Dynamic Removal and Recovery of
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Dyes from Aqueous Solutions,” ACS Appl. Nano
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Mater., 2018, DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.8b01275.
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temperature,” J. Amer Chem. Soc., Vol. 37, 1915.
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Methuen, London, 1926.
81
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Experimental Study of 2-Amino-5-(4- nitrophenyl)-1, 3, 4-Thiadiazole for MS in HCl Solution
The present work aims to study the inhibition performance of new organic inhibitor namely ANTD “2-amino-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,4- thiadiazole” on corrosion of mild steel (MS) in HCl environment at the concentration of 1.0 M through using weight loss techniques. Weight lost measurements demonstrates the presence of a film on MS surface in existence of organic substance. The inhibition performance of ANTD at various concentrations for mild steel increases with increasing concentration and with an increased in the immersion time and decreased with raising temperatures degrees. The optimal inhibition efficiency of (ANTD), 82%, was achieved for mild steel when immersed with the highest utilized concentration for 6 hrs.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_168965_58b36307c82d5cc399bcd5838ebd013d.pdf
2019-05-25
214
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10.30684/etj.37.2C.3
Mild Steel
Corrosion inhibition
ANTD
Talib
Abed
10946@uotechnology.edu.iq
1
Environmental Research Center, University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
Khalida
Al-Azawi
100122@uotechnology.edu.iq
2
Applied Science Department, University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
Shaimaa
Jaber
3
Chemistry Department, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriya University - Iraq
AUTHOR
Ahmed
Al-Amiery
4
Energy and Renewable Energies, Technology Center, University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
Shaimaa
Al-Baghdadi
5
Energy and Renewable Energies, Technology Center, University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
[1] S.K. Shukla, A. Singh and A. Quraishi, “Efficient
1
corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in hydrochloric acid
2
solution,” Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 7, pp. 3371–3389,
3
[2] X. Bin, Y. Wenzhong, L. Ying, Y. Xiaoshuang, G.
4
Weinan and C. Yizhong, “Experimental and theoretical
5
evaluation of two pyridinecarboxaldehyde
6
thiosemicarbazone compounds as corrosion inhibitors for
7
mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution,” Corros. Sci., Vol.
8
78, pp. 260–268, 2014.
9
[3] A. Kosari, M.H. Moayed, A. Davoodi, R. Parvizi,
10
M. Momeni, H. Eshghi and H. Moradi, “Electrochemical
11
and quantum chemical assessment of two organic
12
compounds from pyridine derivatives as corrosion
13
inhibitors for mild steel in HCl solution under stagnant
14
condition and hydrodynamic flow,” Corros. Sci., Vol. 78,
15
pp. 138–150, 2014.
16
[4] M. Bobina, A. Kellenberger, J. Millet, C. Muntean
17
and N. Vaszilcsin, “ Corrosion resistance of carbon steel in
18
weak acid solutions in the presence of L-histidine as a
19
corrosion inhibitor,” Corros. Sci., Vol. 69, pp. 389–395,
20
[5] L. Fragoza-Mar, O. Olivares-Xometl, M. DomínguezAguilar, E. Flores, P. Lozada and F. Jiménez-Cruz,
21
“Corrosion inhibitor activity of 1,3-diketone malonates for
22
mild steel in aqueous hydrochloric acid solution”, Corros.
23
Sci., Vol. 61, pp. 171–184, 2012.
24
[6] P.S. Desai and S.M. Kapopara, “Inhibiting effect of
25
anisidines on corrosion of aluminum in hydrochloric acid,”
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Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, Vol. 16, Part 6,
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pp. 486–491, 2009.
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[7] A.S. Fouda, G.Y. Elewady, and M.N. El-Haddad,
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“Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in acidic solution
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using some azodyes,” Canadian Journal on Scientific and
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Industrial Research, Vol. 2, Part 1, pp. 1–18, 2011.
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[8] M. Ramananda Singh, K. Bhrara, and G. Singh, “The
33
inhibitory effect of diethanolamine on corrosion of mild
34
steel in 0.5M sulphuric acid medium,” Portugaliae
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Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 26, pp. 479–492, 2008.
36
[9] V.S. Sastri, “Green Corrosion Inhibitors: Theory and
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Practice,” John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA,
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[10] A. A. Al-Amiery, A.Y. Musa, A.H. Kadhum, A.B.
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Mohamad, “The use of umbelliferone in the synthesis of
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new heterocyclic compounds,” Molecules, Vol. 16, pp.
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6833–6843, 2011.
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[11] A.A.H. Kadhum, A.A. Al-Amiery, A.Y. Musa, A.B.
43
Mohamad, “The Antioxidant Activity of New Coumarin
44
Derivatives,” Int. J. Mol. Sci., Vol. 12, pp. 5747–5761,
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[12] A.A. Al-Amiery, A.A.H. Kadhum and A.A.
46
Mohamad, “Antifungal Activities of New Coumarins,”
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Molecules, Vol. 17, pp. 5713–5723, 2012.
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[13] Y.K. Al-Majedy, D.L. Al-Duhaidahawi, K.F. AlAzawi, A.A. Al-Amiery, A.A.H. Kadhum and A.B.
49
Mohamad, “Coumarins as Potential Antioxidant Agents
50
Complemented with Suggested Mechanisms and
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Approved by Molecular Modeling Studies,” Molecules ,
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Vol. 21, pp. 135, 2016.
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[14] A.A. Al-Amiery, Y.K. Al-Majedy, A.A.H. Kadhum
54
and A.B. Mohamad, “New Coumarin Derivative as an
55
Eco-Friendly Inhibitor of Corrosion of Mild Steel in Acid
56
Medium,” Molecules, Vol. 20, pp. 366–383, 2015.
57
[15] K.F. Al-azawi, “Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in
58
Hydrochloric Acid Solution by an Isatin-aniline
59
Compound,” Molecules, Vol. 36, Part B, No. 2, 2018.
60
[16] A.A.H. Kadhum, A. B. Mohamad, L.A. Hammed,
61
A.A. Al-Amiery, N. H. San, A.Y. Musa, “ Inhibition of
62
Mild Steel Corrosion in Hydrochloric Acid Solution by
63
New Coumarin,” Materials, Vol. 7, pp. 4335–4348, 2014.
64
[17] A.A. Al-Amiery, A.A.H., Kadhum, A. Kadihum,
65
A.B. Mohamad, C.K. How, S. Junaedi, “Inhibition of Mild
66
Steel Corrosion in Sulfuric Acid Solution by New Schiff
67
Base,” Materials, Vol. 7, pp. 787–804, 2014.
68
[18] A.A. Al-Amiery, A.A.H. Kadhum, A.H.M. Alobaidy,
69
A.B. Mohamad, P. S. Hoon, “Novel Corrosion Inhibitor
70
for Mild Steel in HCl,” Materials, Vol. 7, pp. 662–672,
71
[19] A.A. Al-Amiery, A.A.H. Kadhum, A.B. Mohamad,
72
S. Junaedi, “Novel Hydrazinecarbothioamide as a Potential
73
Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in HCl,” Materials, Vol.
74
6, pp. 1420–1431, 2013.
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cleaning, and evaluating corrosion test specimens,” Annual
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Book ASTM Standards, Vol. 3, pp. 17–25, 2003.
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G .Liu, et al. “Novel triazolyl bisamino acid derivatives
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readily synthesized via click chemistry as potential
81
corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in HCl,” Corros .Sci.
82
Vol. 57, pp. 220–227, 2012.
83
[22] Z .Tao, He W, S .Wang, S. Zhang, G. Zhou, “A study
84
of differential polarization curves and thermodynamic
85
properties for mild steel in acidic solution with nitro phenyl
86
triazole derivative,” Corros. Sci, Vol. 60, pp. 205–213,
87
[23] K.F. Al-Azawi, I.M. Mohammed, S. B. Al-Baghdadi,
88
T. A. Salman, H. A. Issa, A.A. Al-Amiery, T.S. Gaaz and
89
A. A. H. Kadhum, “Experimental and quantum chemical
90
simulations on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel by 3-
91
((5-(3,5- dinitrophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)
92
imino)indolin-2-one,” Results Phys., Vol. 9, pp. 278–283,
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[24] C. Verma, L.O. Olasunkanmia, E.E. Ebensoa, M.A.
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Quraishi, “Substituents effect on corrosion inhibition
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97
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Selecting the Potential Water Harvesting Sites Using Fuzzy GIS-Based Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation in Salah Al-Din Governorate, Iraq
Remote sensing and GIS-based techniques were used to select the potential sites for water harvesting in Salah Al-Din Governorate, northern Baghdad/ Iraq. Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) was used where seven criteria layers have been evaluated to identify water-harvesting sites, such as slope, stream order, precipitation, potential evaporation rate, soil type, distance to roads and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). This method helps in locating water-harvesting sites in suitable places as well as improves the management of water resources in the study area. Fuzzy logic modeling was used to standardize the criteria layers, and the Fuzzy Gamma overlay was used to combine these layers together in ArcGIS 10.5. Specific criteria were used to unify all these layers. Finally, the final suitability map for the potential water harvesting sites in Salah Al-Din area was produced were twelve potential waterharvesting sites within the study area have been identified according to the specific criteria used for this purpose and have a high potential for water harvesting. This map will provide optimum sites to build dams in order to store the water, especially in drought-stricken areas. The results illustrate that the GIS can be used as a decision-making tool in water resources management in a scientific approach, which makes the decision making easier and accurate.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_168966_ee68e2287c776960d760684df85cae5e.pdf
2019-05-25
219
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10.30684/etj.37.2C.4
Fuzzy Logic
GIS Models
MCE
remote sensing
Water-harvesting
Imzahim
Abdulkareem
40164@uotechnology.edu.iq
1
Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
Hussein
Karim
40062@uotechnology.edu.iq
2
Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
Nadia
Aziz
3
Ministry of Science and Technology, Directorate of Space and Communication - Iraq
AUTHOR
[1] F. Ziadat, A. Bruggeman, T. Oweis, N. Haddad,
1
S. Mazahreh, W. Sartawi and M. Syuof, “ A
2
participatory GIS approach for assessing land
3
suitability for rainwater harvesting in an arid rangeland
4
environment, ” Arid Land Research and Management,
5
Vol. 26, No.4, pp. 297–311, 2012.
6
https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2012.709214
7
[2] J. Malczewski, “GIS-based multi-criteria decision
8
analysis: A survey of the literature,” International
9
Journal of Geographical Information Science, Vol. 20,
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No. 7, pp. 703-726, 2006.
11
https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810600661508
12
[3] Y. Xu, J. Sun, J. Zhang, Y. Xu, M. Zhang, and
13
X. Liao, “Combining AHP with GIS in synthetic
14
evaluation of environmental suitability for living in
15
C ’ m j ,” Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci., Vol.
16
26, No.9, pp. 1603-1623, 2012.
17
https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2011.642800
18
[4] J. Malczewski, “GIS-based land-use suitability
19
analysis: a critical overview,” Progress in Planning,
20
Vol. 62, pp. 3–65, 2004.
21
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22
[5] V. Srivastava, H. B. Srivastava and R. C. Lakhera,
23
“Fuzzy gamma based geomatic modelling for landslide
24
hazard susceptibility in a part of Tons river valley,
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northwest Himalaya, India,” Geomatics, Natural
26
Hazards and Risk, Vol. 1, No.3, pp. 225-242, 2010.
27
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2010.490103.
28
[6] Y. Chen, S. Khan and Z. Paydar, “To retire or
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expand? A Fuzzy GIS-based spatial multi-criteria
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evaluation framework for irrigated agriculture,” Irrig.
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and Drain., Vol. 59, pp. 174–188, 2010.
32
https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.470.
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[7] A. Rikalovic, I. Cosic and D. Lazarevic, “GIS
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Based Multi-Criteria Analysis for Industrial Site
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Selection,” Procedia Engineering, Vol. 69, pp. 1054–
36
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Framework for Solid Waste Management in Steel Fabrication
Solid Waste Management (SWM) is a term used to determine greatest energy-efficient and least-polluting ways to deal with the different components and items of community’s Solid Waste stream. The solid waste could be either in solid or liquid form. Solid waste could be defined as, ”Any material that is not required by the owner, fabricator or processor.” Solid Waste could be classified as Domestic waste, Industrial waste, Waste from oil plant, Electronic-waste, Construction waste, Agricultural waste, Food treating waste, Bio-medical waste, and Nuclear waste. Due to social and environmental significances, waste reduces, reuse, and recycle have become necessities in minimizing the environmental damage that could happen through waste disposal. Steel products may be used in various construction and industrial applications, such as machines, bridges, buildings, vessels, highways, machinery, tools, and automobiles. It is estimated that the world’s annual production of Steel is 1500 Million tons and that 85% of annual steel production is recycled worldwide. In this research, a framework for steel fabrication waste management is suggested consists of three stages; these stages are scrap classification stage, reusable scrap stage, and non-reusable scrap stage. The framework is applied in one of the Iraqi Ministry of Oil Companies; the Heavy Engineering Equipment Company, which is an important industrial company specialized in steel fabrication and construction work.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_168967_f1d649fd3593a3ae70c6d5f61320235e.pdf
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10.30684/etj.37.2C.5
Waste management
steel fabrication
Recycling
Reuse
scrap
Luma
Al-Kindi
luma.alkindi@gmail.com
1
Production Engineering and Metallurgy Dept. University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
Wadood
Alghabban
2
Production Engineering and Metallurgy Dept. University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
[1] A. King, S.C. Burgess and C.A. McMahon,
1
“Reducing waste: remanufacture or recycle,”
2
Sustainable Development Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4,
3
pp. 257-267, 2006.
4
[2] K. Sivapalan, A. Mohamad, P.A. Mohamad, and
5
M.Y. Muhd Noor, “Waste to Wealth,” Malaysian
6
Incineration and Renewable Centre (MIREC),
7
Malaysian Institute of Nuclear Technology (MINT),
8
Bangi: Kajang, 2005.
9
[3] A. Van de Klundert and J. Anschutz, “Integrated
10
Sustainable Waste Management-The Concept,”
11
WASTE, Gouda: Netherlands, 2001.
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N. Wright and Z. Bin Ujang, “The waste hierarchy as
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a framework for the management solid waste,”
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115, 2014.
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A. V. Kleyner, “Applied Reliability Engineering and
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Risk Analysis: Probabilistic Models,” John Wiley &
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Sons, 2013.
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Arcese and R. Di Capua, “Life Cycle Assessment of
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Steel Produced in an Italian Integrated Steel Mill,”
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Sustainability journal, Vol. 8, pp. 719, 2016.
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recycling in Uganda,” Journal of Civil Engineering
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and Construction Technology, Vol. 2, No. 10, pp.
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212-217, October 2011.
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economy,” World Steel Association, 978-2-930069-
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Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities”
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(1526), pp. 2115–2126, 2009.
36
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37
“Utilization of Waste Plastic Water Bottle as a
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Modifier For Asphalt mixture Properties,” Journal of
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Engineering and Development, Vol.20, No.2,March,
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pp.89-108, 2015.
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[11] T.A.A. Jabar, “An Experimental Study of
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Aluminum Cans Recycling in Iraq,” A thesis
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submitted to the Department of Materials
44
Engineering, University of Technology, 2014.
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[12] D. Janke, L. Savov, H.J. Weddige and E.
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Schulz, “Scrap-Based Steel Production and
47
Recycling of Steel,” Mater Tehnol., Vol. 34, No. 6,
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pp. 387, 2000.
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[13] A. Nkansah, F. Attiogbe and E. Kumi, “Scrap
50
Metals’ Role in Circular Economy in Ghana, Using
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Sunyani as a Case Study,” African Journal of
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Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 9, No.
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11, pp. 793-799, 2015.
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Industry: Polish Case Study,” Journal of Steel
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Structures & Construction, Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp.100-
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102, 2015.
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=657&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=2FLqXIraFbyX1fAP3u
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Wu4Aw&q=steel+recycling++machines&oq=steel+
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recycling++machines&gs_l=img.3...358431.358431
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..359769...0.0..0.182.182.0j1......0....1..gws-wizimg.yy6nUIwpf2Q
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Engineering Equipment Industries Using Lean
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71
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Geochemical Evaluation of Heavy Metals (Cd, Cr, Fe, and Mn) in Sediment of Shatt Al-Basrah, Iraq
In this study, the sediment of Shatt Al-Basrah canal, was evaluated to illustrate the distribution of 4 heavy metals Cd, Cr, Fe and Mn in sediments collected from 5 sites. The assessment of heavy metals was conducted using three indices; the geoaccumulation index (I-geo), the enrichment factor (E.F.) and Pollution Index (PI). According to I-geo, the sediments collected from all sampling locations were unpolluted by Cd, Cr and Fe, where their values are less than 0 (<0), except Mn ranged between 0.98 to 1.37, the Igeo values for Mn show that sediments of Shatt Al-Basrah are unpolluted to moderately polluted for all sampling locations. Based on The enrichment factor, the sediment of Shatt Al-Basrah canal are classified as followed; significant enrichment for Cd, moderate enrichment to significant enrichment for Cr and deficiency to minimal enrichment for Mn. PI, which is based on individual metal Concentrations, shows that all sampling sites have no pollution effect for Cd, Cr and Mn, except Fe, which cause Slightly pollution affect in all site.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_168968_464209c75800351d838a152ce1267fee.pdf
2019-05-25
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10.30684/etj.37.2C.6
Heavy metal
accumulation
indices
sediment
Zahraa
Al-Janabi
1
Environmental Research Center, University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
Shahed
Zaki
2
Department of Biology, College of Science for Women, Baghdad University - Iraq
AUTHOR
Jinnan
AlHassany
3
Department of Biology, College of Science for Women, Baghdad University - Iraq.
AUTHOR
Abdul Hameed
Al-Obaidy
jawaddhy@yahoo.co.in
4
Environmental Research Center, University of Technology, Baghdad - Iraq
AUTHOR
Eman.
Awad
emoo2emoo@yahoo.com
5
Environmental Research Center, University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
Afrah
Maktoof
afrah.m_bio@sci.utq.edu.iq
6
Biology Department, Science Collage, University of Thi-Qar - Iraq
AUTHOR
[1] D. Mendil, Ö.D. Uluözlü, E. Hasdemir, M. Tüzen,
1
H. Sari, M. Suiçmez, “Determination of trace metal
2
levels in seven fish species in lakes in Tokat, Turkey,”
3
Food Chem., Vol. 90, pp. 175–179, 2005.
4
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“Heavy metal levels in two fish species Leuciscus
6
cephalus and Lepomis gibbosus,” Food Chem., Vol.
7
100, pp.830–835, 2007.
8
[3] C.D. Chandam and K. Rolee, “Grain Size
9
Distribution and Its Relation to the Geochemical
10
Parameters in the Chemical and Petrochemical
11
Complex of Vadodara District of Gujarat, India,”
12
International Research Journal of Environment
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Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 7, pp. 7-16, 2015.
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[4] N.F. Mokhtar, A.Z. Aris, S.M Praveena,
15
“Preliminary stud of heavy metal (Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni)
16
contaminations in Langat River Estuary, Selangor,”
17
Procedia Environmental Sciences, Vol. 30, pp. 285–
18
290, 2015.
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[5] A.M. Sheela, J. Letha, S. Josep, J. Thomas,
20
“Assessment of heavy metal contamination in coastal
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lake sediments associated with urbanization: Southern
22
Kerala, India, Lakes & Reservoirs,” Research and
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Management, Vol. 17, pp. 97–112, 2012.
24
[6] T. Tomiyasu, A. Nagano, N. Yonehara, H.
25
Sakamoto, O.K. Rifardi, H Akagi, “Mercury
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contamination in the Yatsushiro Sea, south-western
27
Japan: spatial variations of mercury in sediment,” Sci.
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Total. Environ., Vol. 257, pp. 121–132, 2000.
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[7] M.F. Abbas “Ecological study of zooplankton in
30
the Shatt Al-Basrah anal, Basrah-Iraq Mesopot,” J.
31
Mar. Sci., Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 67 -80, 2015.
32
[8] H.K. Hussein, T. Z. Abdul Razzak, M.A. Luay,
33
“Assessment of Water Quality Indices for Shatt AlBasrah River in Basrah City, Iraq,” Eng. & Tech.
34
Journal, Vol. 34, Part (A), No.9, pp. 1804-1822, 2016.
35
[9] N.N.M. Al-Khayat, “Hydrological status of the
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Shatt Al-Basrah canal and some of their
37
environmental,” J. Coll. Arts. Univ. Basrah, Vol.43,
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pp. 214- 229, 2007.
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[10] APHA; WWA and WEF “Standard methods for
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examination of water and wastewater,” 21st Edition,
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American Public Health Association, Washington,
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D.C., 2005.
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the protection of aquatic life. Canadian Council of
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Ministers of the Environment,” Winnipeg. Publication
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No., 1299, 2001.
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[12] B. Maurizio, “The Importance of Enrichment
48
Factor (EF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) to
49
Evaluate the Soil Contamination Barbieri,” M. J Geol
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Geophys, Vol. 5, No.1, 2016.
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[14] O. Sana`a, “Application of Geoaccumulation Index
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and Enrichment Factors on the Assessment of Heavy
55
Metal Pollution along Irbid/zarqa Highway-Jordan,”
56
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57
[15] H. Feng, X., Han W.G. Zhang, L.Z. Yu, “A
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Preliminary Study of Heavy Metal Contamination in
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Yangtze River In tertidal Zone Due to Urbanization,”
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915, 2004.
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Geochemical Conditions and Pollution Problems in
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Two Marine Areas in Southwestern Sweden,” Striae,
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[17] K. Choi, S. Kim, G. Hong, H. Chon, “Distribution
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of Heavy Metals in the Sediments of South Korean
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Harbors,” Environmental Geochemical Health, Vol. 34,
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No. 1, pp. 71-82, 2012.
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[18] S. Sinex, G. Helz, “Regional Geochemistry of
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Trace Elements in Chesapeak Bay Sediments,”
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Environmental Geology, Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 315-323,
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[20]J. A. Enaam, “Evaluation of Surface Water Quality
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Indices for Heavy Metals of Diyala River-Iraq,” Journal of Natural Sciences Research, Vol.3, No.8, pp.
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[21] A.H.M.J. Al-Obaidy, Zahraa Z. Al-Janabi and
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A.A.M. Al-Mashhady, “Distribution of Some Heavy
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Metals in Sediments and Water in Tigris River,”
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[22] H. Hazzeman, J.L. Ley, Z. A. Ahmad, F. M. Nor,
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A.A. Nur, M.Y. Fatimah, S. Abu Bakar, M.P. Sarva,
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89
heavy metals (Zn and Pb) in urban river sediment,”
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1271, 2017.
92
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Textile Dye Removal by Activated Date Seeds
The objective of the study was to prepare activated carbon from date seeds (ADS) and use it as a medium for textile dye adsorption. Batch adsorption of reactive green dye showed that dye adsorption depends on the contact time, the dye concentration, and the pH equilibrium. Different concentrations of the prepared activated carbon were used with different dye concentrations and evaluated for dye removal efficiency. The maximum dye adsorption in this study was achieved after 270 min at a pH range of 5-9. In this study, the functional groups in the prepared ADS were identified using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) while the crystal size was determined using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equation were used to study the adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and dye desorption while the pseudo-second-order kinetics was used to analyze the equilibrium adsorption data of the reactive green dye on the prepared ADS. The dyes’ adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, which is adjudged as the best in adsorption studies. The equilibrium data were best fitted with the Freundlich isotherm model. Conclusively, the adsorption of dye onto the prepared ADS was observed to be an endothermic physical adsorption process.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_168969_6423fd70505cefe8c0a418a89e3d6759.pdf
2019-05-25
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10.30684/etj.37.2C.7
Activated Carbon
adsorption
Freundlich isotherm
Kinetics
Langmuir isotherm
Reactive green dye
Seroor
Khaleef
seroor909@yahoo.com
1
Environmental Engineering Dpt. College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University - Iraq
AUTHOR
Huda
Hamad
hu_da2005@yahoo.com
2
Water Resource Engineering Dpt. College of Engineering, AlMustansiriyah University - Iraq
AUTHOR
[1] R.V. Kandisa, N.S. KV, K.B. Saik and RG.
1
GITAM, “Dye Removal by Adsorption,” Journal of
2
Bioremediation & Biodegradation, Vol.7, No.21, pp. 1-
3
[2] K. R.T. Viraraghavan, “Dye Removal Using LowCost Adsorbents,” Water Science and Technology, Vol.
4
36, No.2-3, pp. 189-196, 1997.
5
[3] K. A. Adegoke, O.S. Bello, “Dye sequestration
6
using agricultural wastes as adsorbents,” Water Science
7
and Technology, Vol.12, No.8-24, pp.8-24, 2015.
8
[4] N.M, Mahmoodi, B. Hayati, M. Arami, “Textile
9
Dye Removal from Single and Ternary Systems Using
10
Date Stones: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Thermodynamic
11
Studies,” Zhejian Position Technology, Vol. 55 No.11,
12
p.p 4638–4649, 2010.
13
[5] N. Mathur, P. Bhatnagar, P. Bakre, “Assessing
14
mutagenicity of textile dyes from pali (Rajasthan) using
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ames bioassay,” Applied Ecology and Environmental
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Research, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 111–118, 2006.
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[6] N. Mohan, N. Balasubramanian, C.A. Basha,
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reuse,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 147, pp.
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644–651, 2007.
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textile dyes in Bacillus subtilis,” Mutation Research
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Elsevier, Vol. 465, pp. 27–38, 2000.
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Thermodynamics and Kinetics,” Journal of Hazardous
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Materials, Vol. 141, pp. 77–85, 2007.
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W.M.A.W. Daud, “Real-time Determination of
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Kinetics of Adsorption of Lead (II) onto Palm ShellBased,” NCBI, Vol. 12, pp. 8–24, 2015.
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32
Two Cationic Dyes from a Textile Effluent by filtrationAdsorption on Wood Sawdust,” NCBI, Vol. 14, No.4,
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“Application of Novel Copolymer-Tio2 Membranes for
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Some Textile Dyes Adsorptive Removal From Aqueous
37
Solution and Photocatalytic Decolorization,” Journal of
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Hazardous Materials,Vol. 157, pp. 547–552, 2008.
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(Durio zibethinus Murray) Peel as Low-Cost Sorbent
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for the Removal of Acid Dye from Aqueous Solutions,”
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25, pp. 350–749, 1998.
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53
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in water system,” Journal of Thermodynamics, Vol. 85,
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No. 2, pp. 131–135, 2002.
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[16] F. Halbus, Z.H. Athab F.H. Hussein “Adsorption
57
of Disperse Blue Dye on Iraqi Date Palm Seeds
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Activated Carbon,” Int. J. Chem. Sci, Vol.11, No.3, pp.
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1219-1233, 2013.
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[17] G. Blanchard, M. Maunaye and G. Martin,
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Study of Nitrate Adsorption From Aqueous Solutions
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Using Modified Rice Husk,” Journal of Industrial and
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Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 295-302,
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[20] A. Hema, S. Arivoli, “Comparative study on the
74
adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of dyes onto
75
acid activated low-cost carbon, International Journal of
76
Physical Sciences, Vol. 2, pp.10–17, 2007.
77
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activity of Asplenium Species (Spleenworts) Extracts from Northern Districts of Iraq
The main objective of the present investigation was to ascertain of different phytochemicals in two ferns: Asplenium scolopendrium L. from Malakan- Erbil district and A. trichomanes L. from Tweela-Sulaymaniyah district during Spring 2016. Antioxidant activity and total flavonoids contents were determined in methanol extracts. In qualitative analysis, the active compounds such as alkaloids, tanins, saponins and flavonoids were screened. In quantitative analysis, total flavonoids were quantified 234.7 µg /ml with IC50 of 113 mg/ml in A. scolopendrium but in A. trichomanes total flavonoids 1061µg/ml. with IC50 of 2.271 mg/ml comparison with Ascorbic acid IC50 of 0.0186 mg/ml as positive control.
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10.30684/etj.37.2C.8
Aspleniaceae
phytochemistry
Flavonoids
Antioxidant
Abass
Ismail
abbasmurtadeh@yahoo.com
1
College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad -Iraq
AUTHOR
Talib
Al-Khasreji
2
College of Education for Pure Science, University of Tikrit - Iraq
AUTHOR
Bahram
Maulood
3
College of Science, University of Salahddin - Iraq
AUTHOR
[1] A. Sasaki, “Aspleniaceae. In: National Museum of
1
Nature and Science, Japan (ed.), Illustrated Flora of Ferns &
2
Fern-allies of South Pacific Islands,” Tokai University
3
Press, Hatano, pp. 133-146, 2008 (in Japanese).
4
[2] D.H. Gracelin, A.J. De Britto and P.R. Benjamin,
5
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in
6
five Pteris species,” International Journal of pharmacy and
7
pharmaceutical sciences, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 105-107. 2013.
8
[3] M.E. Alonso-Amelot, A. Oliveros, P.M Calcagno, and
9
E.B. Arellano, “adaptation mechanisms and xenobiotic
10
chemistry,” Pure and Applied chemistry, Vol. 73, pp.549-
11
553, 2001.
12
[4] C.D. Preston, & D.A. Pearman, “New atlas of the
13
British and Irish flora,” Oxford Univ. Press.2002.
14
[5] A.M. Ismail, B.K. Maulood, and T.O. Al- Khesraji,
15
“An ecological and morphological study on Asplenium
16
scolopendrium L. in Erbil city- Kurdistan of Iraq,” Journal
17
of Garmian Univ, Vol. 163, pp. 555-562, 2017.
18
[6] R. Ho, T. Teai, J.P. Bianchini, R. Lafont, and P.
19
Raharivelomanana, “Ferns: From Traditional Uses to
20
Pharmaceutical Development, Chemical Identification of
21
Active Principles, working with ferns,” Springer, New
22
York, NY. Pp. 321–346, 2011 .
23
[7] S. Mir, K Mishra, A., Reshi, Z. and M. Sharma,
24
“Preleminary phytochemical screening of some
25
pteridophyts from district Shopian (j & k),” International J
26
of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, Vol. 5.2013.
27
[8] J. Andrade, R. Dresch, C. doss Passos, et al.,
28
“Chemical analysis and antioxidant, antichemotactic and
29
monoamininhyibitio effects of some pteridophyts from
30
Brazil,” phrmacognocy Magazin, Vol. 10, No. 37, pp. 100,
31
[9] J.B. Harborne, “Phytochemical methods: A guide to
32
modern techniques of plant analysis,” New York, Chapman
33
and Hall, 3, pp. 1-150, 1998.
34
[10] B. Suarez, N. Palacios, N. Fraga, and R. Rodrigues,
35
“Liquid chromatographic method for quantifying
36
polyphenols in ciders by injection,” Journal of
37
Chromatography A, 1066, pp.105-110, 2005.
38
[11] Z.Chen, R.Bertin, and G. Froldi, “EC50 Estimation of
39
antioxidant activity in DPPH assay using several statistical
40
programs,” Food Chem, Vol. 138, No. 1, pp. 414-420, 2013.
41
[12] M.E. Alonso-Amelot, A. Oliveros, and M.B.
42
Calcagno, “ Phenolics and condensed tannins in relation to
43
altitude in neotropical Pteridium spp, A field study in
44
Venezuelan Andes,” Biochemical Systematic and Ecology,
45
Vol. 32, pp. 969-981, 2004.
46
[13] J.M. Moteiro, U.P. Albuquerque, Lins Neto, EMF,E.
47
LAraujo, M.M. Albuquerque, and E.L.C. Amorim, “The
48
effects of seasonal climate changes in the Caatinga on
49
tannins level,” Rev.Bras.Farmacogn, Vol. 16, pp. 338-344,
50
[14] L.L. Borges, S.F. Alves, B.L. Sampaio, E.C.
51
Conceicao, M.T.F. Bara, and J.R. Paula, “ Environmental
52
factors affecting the concentration of phenolic compounds
53
in Myrcia tomentosa leaves, ” Brazilian Journal of
54
Pharmacognosy, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 230-238, 2013
55
[15] L. Gobbo-Neto,.and N.P. Lopez, “ Plants medicinal
56
factors de influencia no conteudo de metabolitos
57
secondarios,” Quim Nova, Vol. 30, pp. 374-381, 2007
58
[16] J. Mierziak, K. Kostyn, and A. Kulma, “Flavonoids
59
as important molecules of plant interaction with
60
environment,” Molecules, Vol. 19, pp. 16240-16265, 2014.
61
[17] A. Ghashemzadeh, and N. Ghashemzadeh,
62
“Flavonoids and phenolic acid role and biological activity in
63
plants and human,” J .med. pl. Res., Vol. 5, No. 31, pp.
64
6697-6703, 2011.
65
[18] S.S. Ali, N. Kasoja, A. Luthru et al., “Indian
66
medicinal plants as sources of antioxidants,” Food Res. Int.,
67
Vol. 41, pp. 1-25, 2008.
68
[19] M.G. Santos,A. Kelecom, S. Riberodeparia, et al.,
69
“Phytochemical studies in pteridophyts growing in Brazil:
70
A review,” The American J of Pl. Sci. and Biotec., Vol. 4
71
(special Issue 1), pp. 113-125, 2010.
72
[20] C. Yung-Husan, C. Fang-Rong, L. Yih-Jer. et al.,
73
“Identification of phenolic antioxidants from Sword Bark
74
fern (Pteris enciforms Burm.),” Food Chem., Vol. 105,
75
pp.48-56, 2007.
76
[21] T. Chai, C. Elamparothi, A. Young, Y. Quah, and F.
77
Wong, “Antibacterial, anti-glucosidase, and antioxidant
78
activity of selected highland ferns of Malaysian,” Botanical
79
Studies, Vol. 54, pp. 55-61, 2013.
80
[22] A.J. De Britto, D.H. Gracelin, & P.B. Kumar, “
81
Phytochemical studies on five of ferns collected Southern
82
Western Ghats, Tamilnuda,” Asian Pacific Journal Tropical
83
Biomedicine, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.5536-5538, 2012.
84
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Electrode Wear Evaluation in E.D.M Process
Electric Discharge Machining (E.D.M) is a non-conventional machining process and has a larger extent of application in the manufacturing industry due to its accuracy. E.D.M simply uses an electrical spark between the workpiece and tool in the presence of medium dielectric to erode the workpiece in a controlled manner. This study investigates the enhance the various performance parameters measured in E.D.M process using Tagushi Technique. The main goals are to maximize the removal rate of material M.R.R and minimizing the wear rate of tool TWR.
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10.30684/etj.37.2C.9
Electrical Discharge Machining (E.D.M)
Electrode Wear Rate (E.W.R) and Material Removal Rate (M.R.R)
Ali
Khleifa
aliuot@yahoo.com
1
production and metallurgy of university technology - iraq
AUTHOR
Osama
Sabbar
2
University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
[1]S. Kim, “Determination of Wall Thickness and Height
1
Limits When Cutting Various Materials with Wire Electro
2
Discharge Machining Process, “BYU Scholars Archive,
3
[2]V. K. Jain, “Advanced machining processes,” Allied
4
publishers, 2009.
5
[3]S. Shitij, “Effect of Powder Mixed Dielectric on Material
6
Removal Rate, Tool Wear Rate And Surface Properties in
7
Electric Discharge Machining,” ME THESIS, THAPAR
8
UNIVERSITY, PATIALA, 2009.
9
[4]Saha, S. K., & Choudhury, S. K.,“Experimental
10
Investigation and Empirical Modeling of the Dry Electric
11
Discharge Machining Process, ” International Journal of
12
Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 49, No. (3-4),
13
pp.297-308, 2009.
14
[5]K. H. Ho, and S. T. Newman, “State of the Art Electrical
15
Discharge Machining (EDM), ”International Journal of
16
Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 43, No. 13, pp. 1287-
17
1300, 2003.
18
[6]Khan, A. A., & Mridha, S., “Performance of Copper and
19
Aluminum Electrodes during EDM of Stainless Steel and
20
Carbide,”Journal for Manufacturing Science and
21
Production, Vol.7, No. 1, pp. 1-8, 2006.
22
[7]A. Gaikwad, A. Tiwari, A, Kumar, and D. Singh, “Effect
23
of Edm Parameters in Obtaining Maximum Mrr and
24
Minimum EWR by Machining SS316 Using Copper
25
Electrode, ” International Journal of Mechanical
26
Engineering and Technology, Vol. 5, No.6, pp. 102-110,
27
[8]A.K. Roy and K. Kumar, “Effect and Optimization of
28
Various Machine Process Parameters on the Surface
29
Roughness in EDM for an EN41 Material Using GreyTaguchi,” Procedia Materials Science, Vol. 6, pp. 383-390,
30
[9]A.K. Roy, A. K., & Kumar, K., “Effect and Optimization
31
of Machine Process Parameters on MRR for EN19 & EN41
32
materials using Taguchi,” Procedia Technology, Vol. 14,
33
pp. 204-210, 2014.
34
[10] S.S. Mahapatra, and A. Patnaik, “Optimization of
35
Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) Process
36
Parameters Using Taguchi Method, The International
37
Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, ”Vol. 34,
38
No. (9-10), pp. 911-925, 2007.
39
[11] B.K. Lodhi, D. Verma, and R. Shukla, “ Optimization
40
of Machining Parameters In EDM of CFRP Composite
41
Using TAGUCHI Technique, International of Mechanical
42
Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ” Vol. 5, No. 10, pp.
43
70-77, 2014.
44
[12] G. Selvakumar, G. Sornalatha, S. Sarkar, and S.
45
Mitra, “Experimental Investigation and MultiObjective Optimization of Wire Electrical Discharge
46
Machining (WEDM) of 5083 Aluminum Alloy,
47
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,”
48
Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 373-379, 2014.
49
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Environmental Impact Assessment of Halfaya Oilfield Project
Implement the necessary measures is necessary to limit the potential damages and risks resulting from oil and gas exploration activities to take the necessary precautions and arrangements to protect the land, air, waters and the groundwater basins from pollution and damage. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process is used to ensure that environmental and social sustainability considerations are included in decisions regarding the Projects considering the possible impacts associated with the proposed Centralized Waste Facility (CWF). The EIA was undertaken with consideration of the environmental standards and guidelines to determine the environmental impact assessment of Halfaya Oilfield; this facility is located in Missan Province in southern Iraq, south east of Amarah City. The Project has been assessed with respect to the applicable Federal or Client standard. Where appropriate, international standards have been considered alongside Federal and Client standards for reference. The EIA commenced on the 13th of October 2014 and is expected to last a total of 9 months. The classification of wastes is made using the EU European Waste Classification (EWC) codes; these codes describe whether the material is hazardous, non-hazardous, or inert. The work is split by where the waste arises, and then there are categories and sub-categories in each part. CPE has confirmed that there are no naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) arising from drilling activities at Halfaya. At the concept design stage for treatment, storage and disposal of each of the r
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10.30684/etj.37.2C.10
EIA
Oilfield
Alternatives
Environmental Management Plan
Monitoring Program
Amin
Thamir
1
Department of Production Engineering and Metallurgy, University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
Souzan
lafta
2
Iraqi National Oil Company (NOC), Maysan Oil Company - Iraq
AUTHOR
Faras
Mohammed
mscfiras@yahoo.com
3
Nanotechnology and Advanced Material Research Center, University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
Mahdi
Hanon
4
Department of Production Engineering and Metallurgy University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
[1]M. Lenzen, S. Murra, B. Korte, and C. Dey,
1
“Environmental impact assessment including indirect
2
effects —a case study using input-output analysis,”
3
Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Vol. 23,
4
No.3, pp. 263-282, 2003.
5
[2] H. Charles, E. ccleston, “Environmental Impact
6
Assessment: A Guide to Best Professional Practices,
7
Chapter 5, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, 2017.
8
[3] A. Shepherd, L. Ortolano, “Strategic environmental
9
assessment for sustainable urban development,”
10
Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Vol.16, pp. 321-
11
335, 1996 .
12
[4]World Health Organization, Air Quality Guidelines
13
Global Update. (2005) www.euro.who.int/.../airquality/.../update-of-who-global-air-quality
14
[5]Ari Emissions Limits, Federal Law atmospheric
15
emissions, Directive No.3/2012 – National Limitations
16
Emissions in Activities and Work. Vol. 11:2, part5, 2012.
17
[6]Noise Mitigation in Iraqi Kurdistan Region, Iraq
18
National Limitations on Emissions in Activities and work
19
Directive, No.3/2012, Law1/2011. * British Standard 5228
20
Code of practice for Noise and Vibration Control on
21
Construction and Open Sites* World Bank Group (2007)
22
Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines General EHS,
23
[7]IFC Performance Standard (Pollution Prevention and
24
Abatement). World Banks Safeguard Policy 4.07 (Water
25
Management), https://www.ifc.org/.../ifc...ifc/policiesstandards/safeguards-pre,2006.
26
[8]IFC Performance Standard, PS3 Article (18), Water
27
Resources Law Planning and Environment, No.2/2001-
28
https://www.miga.org/documents/TanningandLeatherFinis
29
hing.pdf, 2001.
30
[9]IFC Performance Standard PS3 (Pollution Prevention
31
and Abatement), Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial
32
Planning and Environment (curricular, 2009).
33
https://www.energievergelijk.nl/english/vrom,2009.
34
[10] Design Manual Emissions in Activities and Work for
35
Roads and Bridges, Ari Emissions Federal Law
36
atmospheric, World Health Organization (WHO) Limits
37
emissions, 2012 .
38
[11] National Limitations on Emissions in Activities and
39
Work, Federal Law for atmospheric.
40
www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/outdoorair_
41
[12] Noise Mitigation in Iraqi Kurdistan Region, Law
42
1/2011, Iraq National Limitations on Emissions in Activities
43
and Work Code of practice Directive No.3/2012, British
44
Standard 5228 for Noise and Vibration Control on
45
Construction and open Sites* World Bank Group (2007)
46
Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines General EHS
47
guidelines.
48
[13] IFC Performance Standard PS3(Pollution Prevention
49
and Abatement), Water Quality, World Banks Safeguard
50
Policy 4.07(Water Management).
51
[14] IFC Performance Standard PS3 (Pollution Prevention
52
and Abatement). Federal Law for the Preservation of Water
53
Resources (2001), Wastewater Discharge Law No.2/2001 -
54
Waste -Water Discharge Standards (Section 5) Presented in
55
Article (18) .Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning
56
and Environment (curricular ,2009).
57
[15] IFC Performance Standard PS3(Pollution Prevention
58
and Abatement). Soils and Groundwater, Dutch Ministry of
59
Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment (curricular,
60
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Cement Based Solidification/Stabilization Leaching Performances of Selected Heavy Metal Ions under Different pH Extractions
Liquid to solid partitioning as a function of pH leaching Procedure LSP EPA method 1313 was carried out to test the effectiveness , performance and efficiency of the cement-based solidification / stabilization (S/S) of heavy metals contaminated sand samples using Ordinary Portland Cement OPC type A . Two cement based mix designs ( 7 and 25 % ) have been applied to (S/S) sand contaminated samples with different heavy metal ions ( Pb , Cu , Cr , and Cd ) having the following concentrations ( 500 , 1500 and 3000 mg / kg ). Fixed water to cement ratio of 0.45 was maintained for all the experiments. Effective retention levels for the heavy metal ions was achieved using a 25 % OPC mix ratio to (S/S) the contaminated samples even when the extraction solutions were of pH levels as low as 2. Leaching experiments showed that as the pH level of the extraction solution is reduces and as the OPC content in the (S/S) samples is reduced the more heavy metal ions that can leach out. Up to 80 % of chromium, cadmium, lead, and copper ions leachability can be prevented when higher cement content is introduced to the solidification / stabilization process under the same pH extraction. Acidic extraction effects and solubilized the Calcium – Silica – Hydrate (C-S-H) gel that is created by the OPC binder, which holds, and contain the heavy metal ions and thus results in more release of those ions into the extraction solutions. The alkaline environments provided by the cement binder are believed to have participated in the precipitation of several metal ions such as cadmium and lead io, leading to their less detection in the leaching extracts. Alkaline extraction experiments (pH 8-13) showed that the mobility of the metal ions under the same experimental conditions followed the order of pb> Cr > Cu > Cd in samples of various cement contents.
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10.30684/etj.37.2C.11
Solidification / Stabilization
Heavy Metals
LSP
leaching
Basim A. Hussain
Hussain
basimsaidi@hotmail.com
1
Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Science and Technology Directorate of Hazardous Wastes Treatment and Disposal - Iraq
AUTHOR
Shahlaa
Ebrahim
shahlaa.ebrahim@fulbrightmail.org
2
Environmental Engineering University of Baghdad, Environmental Engineer Department - Iraq
AUTHOR
Abbas
Sulaymon
inas_abbas@yahoo.com
3
Chemical Engineering, University of Baghdad, Environmental Engineer Department - Iraq
AUTHOR
[1] W. Salomons., W.M. Stigliani, “Bio Geodynamics of
1
Pollutants in Soils and Sediments: Risk Assessment of
2
Delayed and Non-Liner Responses,” Environmental
3
Science, Springer - verlag, pp. 331-343, 1995.
4
[2] T.H. Christensen, P. Kjeldsen, P.L. Bjerg., D.L. Jensen,
5
J.B. Christensen, A. Baun, “Biogeochemistry of Landfill
6
Leachate Plumes,” ApplGeochem, Vol. 16, pp. 659–718,
7
[3] L.G. Hansen, and R.L. Chaney, “Environmental and
8
Food Chain Effects of the Agricultural Use of Sewage
9
Sludges,” Rev. Environ. Toxicol, Vol. 1, pp. 103-110, 1984.
10
[4] J.R Conner, “Considerations of Selecting Chemical
11
Fixation and Solidification Alternatives,” The Engineering
12
Approach. Second Annual Conference of Applied Research
13
and Practice on Municipal and Industrial Waste, .Madison,
14
Wisconsin, 9, 1979.
15
[5] EPA, “National Waste Management Plan 2014-2020,”
16
6] S.K. Gupta, and M.T. Surwade, “Immobilization of
17
Heavy Metals from Steel Plating Industry Sludge Using
18
Cement as Binder at Different pH. In confer on moving
19
forward wastewater bio solids sustainability,” Technical,
20
Managerial, and Public Synergy, New Brunswick. PP. 773-
21
777, 2007.
22
[7] R.N. Yong, A.M.O. Mohamed and B.P. Warkentin,
23
“Principles of Contaminant Transport in Soils,” Elsevier,
24
Amsterdam, 1992
25
[8] W.R. Eugene, B. Rodger, D.E. Andrew, S. Lenore, C,
26
“Standard Methods of Water and Wastewater, 22nd
27
edition,” American Public Health Association, Washington,
28
[9] O.E. Omotoso, D.G. Ivery, R. Mikula, “Hexavalent
29
Chromium in Tricalcium silicate,” J .Mater, Sci., Vol. 33,
30
pp. 507-513, 1998.
31
[10] P.L. Bishop, “Leaching of Inorganic Hazardous
32
Constituents from Stabilized / Solidified Hazardous
33
Wastes,” Hazard waste Mater, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 129-143,
34
[11] F.K. Cartledgeet, L.G. Butler, D. Chalasani, H.C.
35
Eaton, F. P. Frey, E. Herrera, M.E. Tittlebaum, S.L. Yang,
36
“Immobilization Mechanisms in Solidification /
37
Stabilization of Cd and Pb Salts using Portland Cement
38
Fixing Agents,” Environ .Sci. Techno., Vol. 24, pp. 867-
39
873, 1990.
40
[12] A. Coz, A. Andres., S. Sorino, A.
41
Irabin,“Environmental Behavior of Stabilized Foundry
42
Sludge,” J. Hazard. Mater, Vol. B109, pp. 95-104, 2004.
43
[13] M. Rachana and C. Rubina, “Evaluation of Leaching
44
Characteristics and Environmental Compatibility of
45
Solidified / Stabilized Industrial Waste,” J Mater Cycles
46
Waste Manag, Vol. 8, pp.78- 87, 2006.
47
[14] K.K. Athanasios, A.V. Evangelos, “Leaching
48
Behaviour of Metals Released From Cement - Stabilized /
49
Solidified Refinery Oily Sludge by Means of Sequential
50
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, 2008.
51
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Synthesis and Study of Silver Nanoparticles Using Iraqi and Indian Lawsonia inermis Plant and their Catalytic Performance in Degradation of Organic Pollutant
In this work, we depict the cheap, friendly environment, an unreported and easy methodology for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the extract of leaf concentrate of Lawsonia inermis as a green, reducing agent. Silver nanoparticles display exclusive physical characteristics, which have appealed serious research attention due to their essential uses. In present work, silver nanoparticles were synthesized for environment uses by means of a completely green biosynthetic process using Lawsonia inermis flowers extract (henna). The structure, as well as properties of silver nanoparticles, was investigated with UV-visible spectroscopic techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometers (EDS) and zeta potential. The maximum peak absorption by using UV-visible spectroscopic analysis was found at 460and 495nm, which point to the production of silver nanoparticles. Usual slight particle diameter that is determined by SEM was found to (10-46nm). Furthermore, zeta potential investigation shown that silver nanoparticles have good stability. EDX analysis also displays the presentation of a silver element. The methylene The catalytic effectiveness using light (LED) with silver nanoparticles was additionally researched in catalytic degradation of methylene blue dye. blue dye degrades 16 - 24.8% within 40 min for Iraqi & Indian henna produced better catalytic activity because of smaller particle size of silver, which is less than (10 ) nm in Indian henna
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10.30684/etj.37.2C.12
Lawsonia inermis(henna)
green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, degradation of Methylene Blue, zeta potential, zeta sizer, SEM-EDS
Bassam
Alabdul Aziz
alabdulazizbassam@gmail.com
1
Marine Chemistry Department, Marine Science Center Basrah University - Iraq.
AUTHOR
Ahmed
Sadda
2
Chemistry Department, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Basrah University - Iraq
AUTHOR
Thuraya
Ibrahim
3
Chemistry Department, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Basrah University - Iraq
AUTHOR
Zainab
Al-Abdullah
4
Chemistry Department, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Basrah University - Iraq
AUTHOR
[1] Z. Al-Abdul-Aziz and Z.T.Y Al-Abdullah,
1
“Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Typha
2
domingensis and study of their biological
3
activity,” International Journal of Current
4
Research, Vol. 9, Issue, 08,pp.56085-56088. 2017.
5
[2] Z.T.Y Al-Abdullah, Z. Al-Shuhaib, A.S.
6
abdulridah and M.N. Aboud, “Synthesis and
7
Characterisation of Antibacterial Silver
8
Nanoparticles,” Journal of Chemical, Biological
9
and Physical Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 377-383,
10
[1] S. Kundu, V.M., S. Niu, and R.F. Saraf,
11
“Polyelectrolyte Mediated Scalable Synthesis of
12
Highly Stable Silver Nanocubes in Less Than A
13
Minute Using Microwave Irradiation,”
14
Nanotechnology, Vol. 19, No. 6, 2008.
15
[2] H. Perveen, M.A. Farrukh, M. Khaleeq-urRahman, B. Munir, and M.A. Tahir, “Synthesis,
16
structural properties and catalytic activity of MgOSnO2 nanocatalysts”, Russian Journal of Physical
17
Chemistry, Vol. 89, No. 1, pp. 99-107, 2015.
18
[3] M. Shahid, M.A.F., A.A. Umar, and M.
19
Khaleeq-UrRahman, “Solvent controlled synthesis
20
of CaO-MgO nanocomposites and their
21
application in the photodegradation of organic
22
pollutants of industrial waste,” Russian Journal of
23
Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 88, No. 5, pp. 836-
24
844, 2014.
25
[4] M.A. Farrukh, and R. Adnan, “Preparation
26
and characterization of zinc oxide nanoflakes
27
using anodization method and their
28
photodegradation activity on methylene blue.”
29
Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 86,
30
No. 13, pp. 2041 - 2048, 2012.
31
[5] H. Yazid, R. Adana and M.A. Farrukh, “Gold
32
nanoparticles supported on titania for the reduction
33
of p-nitrophenol,” Indian Journal of Chemistry,
34
Vol 52 A, pp 184-191, 2013
35
[6] K.M.A. Saron, M.R. Hashim., and M.A.
36
Farrukh, “Stress control in ZnO films on
37
GaN/Al2O3 via wet oxidation of Zn under various
38
temperatures,” Applied Surface Science, Vol. 258,
39
Issue 13, pp. 5200-5205, 2012.
40
[7] E.M. Mkawi, K. Ibrahim, M.K. Ali, M.A.
41
Farrukh and A.S. Mohamed, “Synthesized and
42
characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films
43
deposited by electrodeposition method.” Applied
44
Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 343, pp. 85-89,
45
[8] I. Muneer, M.A. Farrukh, S. Javaid, M.
46
Shahid, and M. Khaleeq-ur-Rahman, ”Synthesis of
47
Gd2O3/Sm2O3 nanocomposite via sonication and
48
hydrothermal methods and its optical properties,”
49
Superlattices and Microstructures, Vol. 77, pp.
50
256-266, 2015.
51
[9] K. Kumar, S. Baker, D. Rakshith et al.,
52
"Plants as green source towards synthesis of nanoparticles” International Research Journal of
53
Biological Sciences, Vol. 2,(6), pp. 66-76, 2013.
54
[10] K. Biswas, I. Chattopadhyay, R. K. Banerjee
55
and U. Bandyopadhyay,“Biological activities and
56
medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta
57
indica)” Current Science, Vol. 82, No. 11, pp.
58
1336-1345, 2002.
59
[11] A.K. Ilunga and R. Meijboom,“Catalytic
60
oxidation of methylene blue by dendrimerencapsulated silver and gold nanoparticles” Jornal
61
of Mol Catal A Chem, Vol. 411,pp 48-60, 2016.
62
[12] N. Skandalis, A. Dimopoulou and A.
63
Georgopoulou, ”The Effect of Silver
64
Nanoparticles Size, Produced Using Plant Extract
65
from Arbutus unedo, on Their Antibacterial
66
Efficacy,” Nanomaterials, Vol.7, pp. 178, 2017.
67
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Diclofenac Removal from Wastewater by Iraqi Pillared Clay
This study deals with the removal of Pharmaceutical pollutants such as Diclofenac, which caused hazardous pollutant for human health, from aqueous solution. The aim of this study is an investigation to remove the diclofenac from synthesis wastewater by using of pillared clay that made from Iraqi clay (ALAnbar clay) as adsorbent by using both batch and packed bed reactor to study kinetic model. The experimental work in batch reactor using different parameter (diclofenac, pillared clay and pH) in four beakers for 3 hours in jar test instrument , from the result show pH is the important factor effect on the adsorption process and also show diclofenac removal decreased with increasing pH values, but in constant all parameter effect of the initial concentration of diclofenac in the adsorption process show removal of diclofenac increasing with increasing the amount of adsorbent dosage up to 1000 mg. additional, the result of experimental work in packed bed reactor with different variables such as (initial concentration, flow rate and bed depth) for 6 hours, show the best condition of bed depth is 2 cm, initial concentration 625 mg /l and flow rate 25 h/l.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_168994_54cbb8e224036bfd508b3ac7e14c1f5c.pdf
2019-05-25
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10.30684/etj.37.2C.13
Diclofenac
adsorption process
batch reactor
packed bed reactor
the pillared clay
Faris
Al Ani
1
Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
Ghayda
AL-Kindi
2
Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad - Iraq
AUTHOR
Noor
Al-Bidri
3
Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
[1] D.W. Kolpin, “Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and
1
other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams,
2
1999–2000: a national reconnaissance,” Environmental
3
Science & Technology, Vol.36, pp.1202–1211, 2002
4
[2] X.B. Tung, S.Y. Kang, S.H. Lee, “Heechul
5
Choi.Organically functionalized mesoporous SBA-15
6
as sorbents for removal of selected Pharmaceuticals
7
from water,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol.193,
8
pp. 156-163, 2011.
9
[3] K. Kümmerer, “Pharmaceuticals in the
10
Environment,”Annu Rev Environ Resour, Vol. 35, pp.
11
57-75. 2009.
12
[4] A. Jelic, M. Gros, A. Ginebreda, R.C. Sanchez,
13
“Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals
14
in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment,” Water Research, Vol. 45, pp. 1165-1176,
15
[5] K. Ikehata, N.J. Naghashkar, M.G. El-Din,
16
“Degradation of aqueous pharmaceuticals by ozonation
17
and advanced oxidation processes: a review,” OzoneSci. Eng., Vol. 28, pp. 353–414, 2006.
18
[6] J. Radjenovic, M, Petrovic, F. Ventura, D. Barcelo,
19
“Rejection of pharmaceuticals in nanofiltration and
20
reverse osmosis membrane drinking water treatment,”
21
Water Res, Vol.42, pp.3601–3619, 2008.
22
[7] D. Krajišnik, A. Daković, A. Malenović, M. Rakić,
23
V. Dondur, Ţ. Radulović, J. Milić, “Investigation of
24
adsorption and release of diclofenac sodium by
25
modified zeolites composites,” Applied Clay
26
Science,Vol. 83-84, pp. 322- 326, 2013.
27
[8] A.Y.C. Lin, T.H. Yu, C.F. Lin,“ Pharmaceutical
28
contamination in residential, industrial, and agricultural
29
waste streams: Risk to aqueous environments in
30
Taiwan,” Chemosphere, Vol. 74, pp. 131-141, 2008.
31
[9] A. Berthod., “Solid-phase extraction approach for
32
the identification of pharmaceutical–sludge adsorption
33
mechanisms,” J. Pharm. Anal. 2013.
34
[10] R.V. Andreozzi, Caprio, A. Insola, R. Marotta,
35
“Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for water
36
purification and recovery,” Catalysis Today, Vol. 53,
37
pp. 51, 1999.
38
[11] B.M. Lombardi, R.M. Baschini, T. Sanchez,
39
“Optimization of parameters and adsorption mechanism
40
of thiabendazole fungicide by montmorillonite of North
41
Patagonia, Argentina,” App. Clay Sci., Vol. 24, pp. 43–
42
[12] H. M. Abdul- Hameed, “Competitive adsorption of
43
heavy metals onto activated carbon in fixed bed
44
column,” University of Baghdad, College of
45
Engineering Ph.D. Thesis. 2009.
46
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Impact of a Bright Nickel Interlayer on the Performance of Solar Absorber Nano Coatings Deposited by Electroplating on Copper Substrate
In this, work, a layer of bright nickel was deposited on the copper substrate using electroplating technique watts bath, before copper nanoparticles (CuNP) Evaporation via physically vapor deposition. The improvement of the solar absorber using CuNP and CuNP, combined with bright nickel, was found to be well than CuNP singly. Bright nickel improved the thermal stability of the absorber. Also the other optical properties absorption, emissivity slight decrease from (93% to 87%0) in another hand thermal conductivity was evaluated using hot disk analyzer with a good improvement obtain by CuNP( 89%) deposited on copper substrate while it decreases with percentage18.8% in the presence of bright nickel combined with CuNP, other Characteristics like structure and phases of coating layers achieve using XRD, topographic was obtained using AFM and SEM.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_168995_eb6743d0e1476e3f83c0a4a2d405afb3.pdf
2019-05-25
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10.30684/etj.37.2C.14
bright Nickel
Copper Nanoparticles CuNP
PVD
Solar Absorber
Mohammed
Kadihm
1
Production Engineering and Metallurgy Dept. University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
Khalid
Sukkar
khalid.a.sukkar@uotechnology.edu.iq
2
Chemical Engineering, University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
Ahmed
Abbas
3
Production Engineering and Metallurgy Dept. University of Technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
[1] Y. Yang, “The Study of Nanostructured Solar
1
Selective Coatings, M.Sc. Thesis, Electronics
2
Engineering University of York, 2012.
3
[2] S. Suojanen, “Development of concentrated solar
4
power and conventional power plant hybrids,” M.Sc.
5
Thesis, Tampere: Tampere University of Technology,
6
[3] S. Suman, M.K. Khan, and M. Pathak,
7
“Performance enhancement of solar collectors A
8
review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
9
Vol. 49, pp. 192-210, 2015.
10
[4] C. Atkinson, C.L. Sansom, H. J. Almond, and C. P.
11
Shaw, “Coatings for concentrating solar systems - A
12
review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
13
Vol. 45, pp. 113-122, 2015.
14
[5] N. Selvakumar and H.C. Barshilia, “Review of
15
physical vapor deposited (PVD) spectrally selective
16
coatings for mid-and high temperature solar thermal
17
applications,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,
18
Vol. 98, pp. 1-23, 2012.
19
[6] K.M. Pandey and R. Chaurasiya, “A review on
20
analysis and development of solar flat plate collector,”
21
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 67,
22
pp. 641-650, Jan 2017.
23
[7] D. Jaganraj, Y. Karthick, S. Chakravarthi and V.
24
Balaji, “A Review on Study and Analysis of Nickel
25
Coating on Solar Collector Applications,” International
26
Journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research
27
Vol.5, Issue 6, 2016.
28
[8] G.A. Dibari et al., “Electrodeposition of Nickel,”
29
ASM, Handbook Metals, Surface Engineering, ASM
30
INT, 2005.
31
[9] Darwin Sebayang and Sulaiman Bin Haji Hasan,
32
“ELECTROPLATING,” InTech, 2012.
33
[10] C.N. Tharamani and S.M. Mayanna, “Low-cost
34
black Cu-Ni alloy coatings for solar selective
35
applications,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, Vol.91, pp.
36
664-669, 2007.
37
[11] B. Orel, H. Spreitzer, L.S. Perse, M. Fir, A.
38
SurcaVuk, D. Merlini, M. Vodlan and M. Kohl,
39
“Silicone-based thickness insensitive spectrally
40
selective (TISS) paints as selective paint coatings for
41
colored solar absorbers (Part I),” Sol. Energy Mater.
42
Sol. Cells, Vol.91, pp.93-107, 2007.
43
[12] S. Sagadevan and P. Koteeswari, “Analysis of
44
Structure, Surface Morphology, Optical and Electrical
45
Properties of Copper Nanoparticles,” Journal of
46
Nanomedicine Research, Vol. 2, Issue 5-2015.
47
[13] A. Philip and P. E. Schweitzer, “Metallic Materials
48
Physical, Mechanical, and Corrosion Properties,”
49
Marcel Dekker, Inc.2003.
50
[14] T. Theivasanthi1 and M. Alagar, “X-Ray
51
Diffraction Studies of Copper Nanopowder,”
52
Department of Physics, PACR Polytechnic College,
53
Rajapalayam, India 2010.
54
[15] H. Zhang, Y. Li and W. Tao, “Effect of radiative
55
heat transfer on determining thermal conductivity of
56
semi-transparent materials using transient plane source
57
method,” Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 114, pp.
58
337-345, 2017.
59
[16] J.E. Nady, A. Kashyout, S. Ebrahim, and M.
60
Soliman, “Nanoparticles ni electroplating and black
61
paint for solar collector applications,” Alexandria
62
Engineering Journal, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 723–729, Jun.
63
[17] M. Estrella-Gutiérrez, F. Lizama-Tzec, O. ArésMuzio, and G. Oskam, “Influence of a metallic nickel
64
interlayer on the performance of solar absorber coatings
65
based on black nickel electrodeposited onto copper,”
66
ElectrochimicaActa, Vol. 213, pp. 460-468, 2016.
67
[18] S. Pratesi, E. Sani, and M. D. Lucia, “Optical and
68
structural characterization of nickel coatings for solar
69
collector receivers,” International Journal of
70
Photoenergy, Vol. 2014, pp. 1-7, 2014.
71
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Application of Wheat Husk in Color Removal of Textile Wastewater
Adsorption is the most efficient technique used to remove organic pollutants from wastewater. Dyes represent one of the pollutants that may remove by adsorption. The textile industry used dyes for colorization of fibers and always generates a considerable amount of colored wastewater. In present work, the removal of Malachite green (MG) dye pollutant from synthetic wastewater onto mesoporous Wheat husk (WH) was studied in batch adsorption systems. The characterization for the prepared wheat husk was studied by, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The batch experiments were carried out to measure the removal efficiency of MG as a function of contact time, initial concentration (25- 135mg/L), pH (2-13) and adsorbent dose (1-7 g/L). The equilibrium was achieved within 8 hours. The equilibrium adsorption data of MG dye on wheat husk adsorbent were analyzed using isotherm models and the adsorption kinetic data were analyzed using pseudo-first and second order. The adsorption isotherm results indicated a better fitting obtained by the Langmuir (R2=0.995) than Freundlich (R2= 0.883) and the adsorption formation of the monolayer could be described. Adsorption Kinetic results were fitted better by Pseudosecond order(0.9886) than Pseudo first order (0.984). The properties obtained make WH an ideal adsorbent for treatment of MG dye from wastewater, besides, to develop some environment-friendly and low-priced material is also the crucial work.
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_168996_7b1c80d48d2077f7f7821e128ed74a92.pdf
2019-05-25
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302
10.30684/etj.37.2C.15
adsorption
Dyes
Wheat Husk
Mohamed
Mohammed
alkarkhi2017@gmail.com
1
Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Engineering Chemical Engineering Department - Turkey
AUTHOR
Anaam
Sabri
aaksabri@yahoo.com
2
Chemical Engineering Department, University of technology - Iraq
AUTHOR
Eman
Taha
emanjwad@yahoo.com
3
University of Technology, Chemical Engineering Department - Iraq
AUTHOR
[1] F.S. Abbas, “Dyes Removal from Wastewater Using
1
Agricultural Waste,” Advances in Environmental Biology,
2
Vol.7, No.6, pp1019-1026, 2013.
3
[2] R. Ansari, Z. Mosayebzadeh, “Adsorption of Cationic
4
Dyes from Aqueous Solutions using Polyaniline
5
Conducting Polymer as a Novel Adsorbent,” Journal of
6
Advanced Scientific Research, Vol.2, No.2, pp27-34, 2011.
7
[3] A. EL-Maghrab and H. A. EL Deeb, “Removal of A
8
Basic Dye From An aqueous Solution by Adsorption Using
9
Rice Hulls,” Global Nest Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp 90-98,
10
[4] S.A. Saad, S. Daud, F.H. Kasim, M.N. Sale,
11
“Methylene Blue Removal from Simulated Wastewater by
12
Adsorption Using Treated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch,”
13
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 2007.
14
[5] B. Adinew, “Textile Effluent Treatment and
15
Decolonization Techniques- a Review,” Chemistry
16
Bulgarian Journal of Science Education, Vol. 21, No. 3,
17
[6] F. Bin Abdurrahman, M. Akter, M.Z. Abedin, “Dyes
18
Removal Textile Wastewater Using Orange Peels,”
19
International Journal of Scientific and Technology
20
Research, Vol. 2, Issue 9, 2013 .
21
[7] R.S. Mane and V.N. Bhusari, “Removal of Colour
22
(dyes)from Textile Effluent by Adsorption Using Orange
23
and Banana Peel,” International Journal of Engineering
24
Research and Application, Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp.1997-
25
2004,2012 .
26
[8] K.S. Tong, A. Azraa and M. Jain Noordin, “Isotherm
27
and Kinetics Studies on the Removal of Methylene Blue
28
from Aqueous Solution by Gambir,” International Journal
29
of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 3, No. 3,
30
[9] P.K. Malik, “Use of Activated Carbons Prepared from
31
Sawdust and Rice-Husk for Adsorption of Acidic Dyes: a
32
Case Study of Acid Yellow 36,” Dyes Pigment, Vol. 56, pp
33
243–250, 2003.
34
[10] R. Mali, D.S. Ramteke and S.R. Wate, “Adsorption of
35
Malachite Green on groundnut Shell Waste Based
36
Powdered Activated Carbon,” Waste Manag., Vol. 27,
37
PP.1129–1138, 2007.
38
[11] M.S. Tanyildizi, “Modeling of Adsorption Isotherms
39
and Kinetics Of Reactive Dye from Aqueous Solution by
40
Peanut Hull,” Chem Eng J., Vol. 168, PP.1234–1240, 2011.
41
[12] M. Mathuram, R. Meera and G. Vijayaraghavan,
42
“Application of Locally Sourced Plants as Natural
43
Coagulants for Dye Removal from Wastewater: A Review,”
44
J. Mater. Environ. Sci., Vol. 9, No. 7, PP. 2058-2070, 2018
45
[13] I. Langmuir, “The Constitution and Fundamental
46
Properties of Solids and Liquids. Part I. Solids. Amer.
47
Chem. Soc., Vol. 38, No.11, PP. 2221, 1916.
48
[14] H. Freundlich, J. Collo, “Collidal and Capillary,
49
Chemistry,” Vol. 3, No.12, PP.1454, 1926.
50
[15] S. Afsaneh, Y. Habibollah and B. Alireza,
51
“Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica by
52
melamine-based dendrimer amines for adsorptive
53
Characteristics of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) Acteristics
54
of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) Heavy Metal Ions in Batch
55
and Fixed Bed Column,” Chem. Eng. J., Vol. 168, PP.
56
505, 2011.
57
[16] Y.S. Ho and G. McKay, “Pseudo-Second Order
58
Model for Sorption Processes,” Process Biochem. Vol.
59
34, PP. 451, 1999.
60
[17] M.I. Mohammed and S. Bayakat, “Synthesis of
61
Bentonite–CarbonNanotube Nanocomposite and Its
62
Adsorption of Rhodamine Dye from Water,” Arab J Sci
63
Eng . Vol. 41, PP. 4775, 2016.
64
[18] A.K. Bledzki, A.A. Mamun, Jürgen Volk , “ Physical,
65
Chemical and Surface Properties of Wheat Husk, Rye
66
Husk and Soft Wood and their Polypropylene
67
Composites,” Composites: Part A,Vol. 41, PP. 480–488,
68