2024-03-29T17:52:08Z
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/?_action=export&rf=summon&issue=1554
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
Studying Effect of Adding Nickel to Al-Cu Alloy Before and After Heat Treatment
In this research, the effect of adding pure nickel element in different amountsAl-4%Cu-1.5%Mg) has been studied it (to molten alloy (1-2-3-5%wt)making the heat treatment (T6) which includes solution treatment followed byartificial aging at 220 ºC at different times within the range (5 min.-5 hr.)). Alsothe effect of nickel element on the microstructure, the grain size and the phasestype which are constructed in the produced alloys by alloying before and afterheat treatment by using optical microscope and X-Ray diffraction test device havebeen studied then the hardness and tensile test were implemented and then theresult showed: the alloy with the highest adding rate (5% wt) shows a better response than the other alloys for hardening in longer time period where it havebeen reached to highest hardness (125 H.V) in time period (4hr) at (220 ºC).While the empty alloy of nickel reached to highest hardness equals to (112 H.V)in a time period less than (2hr). The constructed phases in alloys have beenspecified after adding Ni element, where it indicated to the existence of the phase(Al7Cu4Ni) which is responsible for the slowliness which occurs in the alloy’sresponse to precipitation hardening procedure which leads to delay (longer timeperiode) to obtain a higher hardness. It also found that adding of nickel causes anincrease and an improvement in the properties of the tensile strength, yieldstrength and elongation, which indicates that the presence of the nickel takes twoways part of it dissolve with Aluminum and copper to produce the phase(Al7Cu4Ni) which causes the slowing in the construction of the hardening phase(Al2CuMg), the other part causes refining grains size at the highest temperaturedegrees causing an increase in the strength and the hardness in a rate which ishigher for the alloy’s that contain nickel in a comparison with the empty alloy ofnickel.
2010
02
01
122
139
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27149_1ead2704f01c9be1aae9ab99f8d1979d.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
Analytical Criticizing Study of Contract Conditions for Civil Engineering Works, Issued by the Ministry of Planning and Developing Cooperation at 2007
For the important role of (Contract Conditions for Civil EngineeringWorks) as a principal contractual document, that regulates rights, duties, anddelegations of the Client, the Contractor, the Engineer, and their representatives inthe construction project. This analytical criticizing study has been carried out,covering the Contract Conditions, issued by the Ministry of Planning andDeveloping Cooperation in August 2007. The study aims at amendments, seekingfor justice in consequence to preliminary bond, natural conditions, equipment, timeeffect on cost, supporting excesses, stopping works, and inception date. Then to beconsistent with Iraqi laws concerning invalidation, definitions, contradiction rules,calculation mechanism of liquidated damages, limiting variations domain, andrenovating obsolete rules. In addition, it seeks for better organizing by classifyingthe rules, providing enough spaces to write down related information, specifyingtime schedule and construction method, supporting national products, insurance,tests, and extending period. It also seeks for proper Arabic by using suitableexpressions and titles, omitting not mentioned refers, correcting words and typingmistakes. It is recommended that the Ministry of Planning and DevelopmentCooperation may take with these recommendations.
2010
02
01
140
156
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27150_3ef71fadcd52f5ecf392fd814dcddd0b.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
Study on Heat Transfer of (Al-Mg) Alloy Fabricated By Centrifugal Casting
A Fortran 90 computer program was build to study the heat transfer in twodimensions (2-D) using explicit finite difference method for (Al-4.5%Mg) alloy.This alloy was produced by horizontal centrifugal casting, the effect of rotationalspeed on cooling rate and solidification thickness is investigated numerically,using the experimental data. Microstructure and hardness of the produced castingwas investigated for different mold rotational speed, and different preheated moldtemperatures (70, 200 ) o C.
2010
02
01
157
169
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27151_0da4db6c2141bf0b9250569a0eb1151f.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
Study on the properties of composite materials produced by centrifugal casting
The aim of this work is to use centrifugal casting process in production ofcomposite materials reinforced in selected regions, and study the effect of processparameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of composite materials.The composite material was fabricated by dispersing SiC with(53-75) μm particles inthe Al-Mg melt alloy and stirred using vortex technique. Weight fraction of(5,10,15%) preheated sic particles were added to the melt alloy and manually stirreduntil the particles were completely wetted, . The composite slurry was then reheatedto around 750 oC and agitated by means of electrical stirrer .After that the compositeslurry was poured in centrifugal casting preheated die, rotate at different rotatingspeeds (900, 1400, 1800) r.p.m . Microstructure examination shows that the most ofSiC particles settled in the outer region of produced composite cylinders, but thevolume fractions for these particles are different depending on process parametersAlso the thickness of reinforced region of produced composite cylinders increases with decreasing rotating speed and with increasing weight fraction of the added SiC%particles. Hardness test results show significant increase in composite hardnesscompares with matrix alloy .The Wear resistance of composite cylinders was higher than that of matrix
2010
02
01
170
189
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27152_24926fb6475341f4b7846275bc321369.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
The Influence of Sudden Cross Section Change on Two Phase Flow Characteristics
This research study the influence of the solid loading ratio & Reynolds number onminor losses coefficient and pressure coefficient for sudden expansion region fortwo-phase flow type gas-solid through an orifice by preparing an apparatus withsolving the mass , momentum , Bernoulli equations mathematically .An expansion area was chosen with flow cross-section changing from small tolarge with area ratio (5.8) & diameters ratio (2.4) to study the changes which occuron minor losses coefficient and pressure coefficient with different loading ratio (0)to (1.645) . Test a different mixture flow-rates (1.02-7.8) kg/min to find theinfluence of Reynolds number with ranges of (42863) to (75909) on minor lossescoefficient and pressure coefficient .It was found that the increase in solid loading ratio reduced linearly the minorlosses coefficient and pressure coefficient for sudden expansion region , also theydepend on (Re) but with little effect .
2010
02
01
190
202
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27153_befe4518bd0d109d68bf9bfc11e8e411.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
Study of Polymer Quenchants Effect on Some Properties of Low Alloy Steel Type (St37)
This study is concerned with the effect of polymer quenching on someproperties of low alloy steel type (St37). Three different operations of heattreatment have been done including quenching, quenching with tempering andquenching with freezing. A comparison has been done between the effect ofpolymeric quenchant i.e. water solution of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and theconventional quenchants represented by distilled water, engine oil and food oil inhaving better properties. Tests have been done to the original and heat treatedspecimens which were Brinell hardness test, wear rate test and thermalconductivity test. Results had revealed that the heat treatments generally enhancethe properties especially the treatment of quenching with freezing and in mostcases the polymeric quenchants gave better results than the conventionalquenchants. Also a simulation to the results of the experimental work has beendone by using the Visual Basic language, and the results gave us an indication tothe behaviour of specimens’ properties at different concentrations of polymericquenchants over the range used in the experimental work, beside the greatpossibilities of the program in display the experiments which help in trainingengineers in heat treatment and testing fields.
2010
02
01
203
216
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27154_e32d073684fe6892a74ae3d0b1d43ce9.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
Thin RC Shell-Slab Roofing System with Steel Rod Connections
Husain
M. Husain
Ashraf.
A. Al-Feehan
An innovated structural system, namely the Shell-Slab Roofing System(SSRS) of precast thin reinforced concrete cylindrical shell and flat slab has beenfabricated as a roof segmental unit. The flat slab rests on the cylindrical shell at thecrown and also connected to the shell by steel rod connections at each side. Steelplate strips are fixed on the bottom surface of the slab and on the top and thebottom surfaces of the shell as external tensile and shear steel reinforcement toprevent punching shear around the steel rod connections. The ratio of the shellheight to the chord length was (0.1). The structural behavior of the roof system hadbeen investigated under uniformly distributed static load. Experimental work wascarried out by fabrication of six complete segments with scale-down simulationfactor equal to (0.25). The vertical deflections had been observed at selectedpositions on the models. A water/cement ratio of (0.5) combined with a cement:sand ratio of (1:2) had been employed. The influence of certain experimentalparameters had been studied. The model with only twelve rod connections andminimum reinforcement volume ratio was adequate to resist the live loads forbuildings with large span roofing. The investigation showed that the combined unitof thin concrete shell and flat slab with embedded small diameter steelreinforcement was suitable for construction of such roofing system as large spanstructures with lower ratio of shell height to chord length (h/c) equal to (0.1) .
Cylindrical Shells
Flat Slab
Roofs
Concrete Shells
Rod Connections
Steel Plate Strip
2010
02
01
851
870
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27121_9602464976c26c42e98df31fb5e7414a.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
Excitation and Governing Control of a Power Generation Based Intelligent System
Adil
H. Ahmad
Lina
J. Rashad
Modern power systems are complex and non-linear and their operating conditionscan vary over a wide range. In this work, the power system (PS) transient terminalvoltage and frequency stability enhancement have been well investigated and studiedthrough the following efforts.• Enhancing the responses of the transient stability by adopting conventional PIDcontrollers as an additional voltage controller with the Automatic Voltage Regulator(AVR) in the excitation system for terminal voltage, and in the governing system forfrequency deviation response.• ANN (NARMA-L2) system is proposed as an effective controller model to achieve thedesired enhancement. This model after training can be called as (Identifier). Thisidentifier follows the system behavior even in situation of high disturbances.There are enhancement progress in terminal voltage Vt , and frequency deviation Δωthrough the investigation for the three cases (without controller, with PID controller, andwith NN controller) for single machine infinite bus using MATLAB – Simulink software.
PID controller
neural network controller
Excitation system control
Governing system control
2010
02
01
871
889
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27122_aab97f3a1b1f460a17371c2c1e132c56.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
An Attitude Navigation System Based on the GPS
Saad
A-R. Makki
Mushtaq
Talib Abd
In this paper, the use of multi-GPS receiver to estimate the parameters ofattitude (orientation) of a platform is developed. The GPS receiver has twomeasurements; pseudorange and carrier phase. The latter is highly accurate (subcentimeter-level).Therefore, it is used to give precise attitude parameters. But thecarrier phase has one problem; an initial integer ambiguity must be resolved first.Without resolution of this integer, the carrier phase is meaningless. Therefore, theattitude determination technique based on the carrier phase observable of the GPSinvolves two steps; integer ambiguity resolution and attitude estimation. Here, twomethods are used for attitude estimation; first, Single-point method that is based onthe least square approach is developed using the quaternion representation. Second,Eigenproblem algorithm that is used to minimize a quartic quaternion-based costfunction. In order to resolve the integer ambiguity, an attitude-independentalgorithm is developed. This algorithm first incorporates an instantaneous integersearch to significantly reduce the search space using a geometric inequality. Then,a batch-type loss function is used to check the remaining integers in order todetermine the optimal integer. The results show that the Single-point method ismore accurate (with RMS 0.137, 0.079 and 0.197 degree in yaw, pitch and rollrespectively), and it convergences exponentially to the correct solution. TheEigenproblem may diverge when the initial quaternion is far.
Global Positioning System
attitude determination
carrier phase double difference
integer ambiguity
least
square method
Eigenproblem method
2010
02
01
890
907
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27123_8c012828fa1e4026a61429a8e3b30843.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
Microstructural Characterization of Electroformed Nickel and Its Composites
Sabah
S. Abdulnoor
Mofeed
A. L. Jaleel
In the present work the nickel metal matrix was developed by electrochemicalforming technique, were the nickel matrix is built around the reinforced carbonfiber in various thicknesses and fiber volume fractions. The metallographicanalysis indicate that the experimental depositing condition have a dominatingeffect on the observed composite microstructure. The grain size of the depositednickel is found (from the microstructure) to vary inversely with the amount of thedepositing electrical current density. Also the temperature of the solution seem toreflect quite well on the microstructure of the metal matrix, were relatively highand low solution temperature produced rather refined grain structure, while anintermediate temperature of (50°C) is found to deposited courser grain size.Secondary thermal and mechanical treatments are found to modify themicrostructure in a way that higher annealing temperatures tend to enhanced thegrain growth process and tend to reduced apparent porosity at (650°C), similarlythe forging of the electroformed composites made at different temperature tend toreduced the internal porosity, by a notable ratio, depending on the temperature ofthe forging process.
Metal matrix composites
Carbon fiber composites
2010
02
01
908
917
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27124_37981728aca38818da17503bc67b487a.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
An Approximate Solutions of Fuzzy Linear Fredholm Integral Equations
Nuha
Abduljabbar Rajab
Mazin
Hashim Suhhiem
The main aims of this paper are studying and modifying an approximate to solvefuzzy linear integral equations of Fredholm type.Two different Kinds of fuzzy functions are used to transform the ordinary linearintegral equations of Fredholm type to the fuzzy form.
fuzzy
Integral Equation
Fredholm
2010
02
01
918
924
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27125_9804b9c2dd38058e0ee55d88e941971b.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
An Experimental Investigation of Some Relevant Process Parameters Affecting Formed Thickness in ISMF Process
Wei-Xin
Ren
Jamal
H. Mohamed
Wissam
K.H. Sarraji
In this paper, a systematic approach to investigate the effect of some relevantprocess parameters on thickness variation aspect in incremental sheet metal forming(ISMF) process has been studied. The thickness variation aspect was investigated bydisclosing the effects of four discrete process parameters: number of forming passesχ 1,typology of forming speed χ2, direction of tool travel relative to the rolling direction χ3,and typology of tool path χ4. The proposed systematic approach utilizes design ofexperiment (DOE) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) as a base to study the effects offour process parameters and different influential combinations. The analyses resultshave shown that number of forming passes χ1, and direction of tool travel relative tothe rolling direction χ3 have greatest effect on the thickness variation. It isdemonstrated that the response table and response graph, main effect plot, analysis ofvariance ANOVA and predictive model generation are powerful systematic procedureto disclose the impacts of the process parameters on the thickness variation.
incremental sheet metal forming ISMF
design of experiment DOE
analysis of variance ANOVA
response table
response graph
Multiple Regression
2010
02
01
925
940
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27132_9384599712df10e610c0437d0eff1b60.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
Data Hiding in Audio File by Modulating Amplitude
Loay.
A. Jorj
Hilal
H. Saleh
Nidaa
F.Hassan
In this paper, two methods of a steganography are introduced for hidingsecret data in audio media file (.WAV). Hiding in audio becomes a challengingdiscipline, since the Human Auditory System is extremely sensitive. The firstproposed method is used to embed binary sequence with high data rate bymodulating the amplitude of WAVE file. The embedding process utilizes theamplitude modulation of the cover signal; the manipulation of the sample dependson its previous sample and next sample. By using this hiding method, good hidingrate is achieved, but it is noticed that the secret data produced by this method doesnot resist the modifications produced compression. The second suggested hidingmethods are oriented to embed the secret data such that it is capable of survivingagainst modifications produced by compression. This method exploits some of thefeatures of speech signal, more especially the features of the Voiced-Unvoicedblocks. The second proposed hiding method is used to embed secret data bymodulating the amplitude of the voiced blocks of cover audio data. Hiding rate isnot high as first method since it hiddes only in voiced segments ,so it could surviveagainst compression.
Data Hiding
speech signal
Audio compression
2010
02
01
941
952
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27133_064dc5f6b1bacd51b7eeb6070efaff2c.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
VHDL Implementation of Hybrid Block Cipher Method (SRC)
Ashwaq
T. Hishem
Najwa
M. Hassen
Ekhlas
M. Farhan
This paper discusses the hardware design of the hybrid block cipher methodthat combines the RC6 cipher and the Serpent cipher.The block size is 128 bits, and the key can be any length up to 256 bytes. Thisalgorithm is designed to take advantage of the powerful, which is supported byRC6 and Serpent encryption algorithms with overcoming their weaknesses,resulting in a much improved security/performance tradeoff over existing ciphers.The discussion addresses hardware design and VHDL implementation of the keyexpansion algorithm and the encryption algorithm.
SRC
Serpent
Cryptography
VLSI design
2010
02
01
953
963
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27141_0e151e3cb94df09b4a5c679b4741b305.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
Transmission System On –Line Fault Location Using ArtificialNeural Network
Adil
Hameed Ahmed
Hatim
Ghadhban Abood
In this work, protection systems for overhead transmission lines areinvestigated and an efficient technique for on –line fault location based onArtificial Neural Network(ANN ) is suggested. First, Studying and investigatingthe power transmission lines short circuit modeling and analysis, and thendeveloping a MATLAB programs to calculate fault currents and voltages fordifferent fault types depending on the location of the fault in the transmission lineand finding the location of this fault. The proposed technique for the faultlocation is the two -end data technique. The pre-fault data plus the fault dataconstruct a training set for the neural network programs which contain two types,one for fault detection and classification, and the other for the fault location. Then,these programs are applied on the Iraqi super grid (400 kV).
artificial neural network
Fault location
Two
end data
fault detection
2010
02
01
964
979
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27142_0c517590acb1d47bef7fd704b90f0b35.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
Mathematical Modeling of Artificial Kidney Function By Using Blood Samples In Patients With Renal Diseases
Zainab
Ismail
Sumia
Hamad
In Hemdialysis ,blood is pumped from the body to special filter (dialyzer ) madeof tiny plastic capillaries . the blood is purified when the waste products diffuse fromthe blood across the membrane of these tiny capillaries to the dialysate purified“clean”blood is then returned to the body and spent dialysate is drained.The purpose of this study is demonstrate the effect of increase nominal dialysateflow rate from 500-800 ml/min on the amount of the small solute (urea) removed fromthe blood and examine its effect on the amount of dialysis deliverd.Hemdialysis (HD) is a technique of removing or clearing solutes from theblood and removal of extra fluid from the body, by using dialyzing machine. Theprinciple of hemodialysis is primarily, the diffusion of solutes and ultrafiltration forremoval of extra fluid. Kinetic modeling is a widely used analytic process thatdescribes a system from its mass balance the clinical goals of modeling in dialysistherapy are to improve clinical understanding of the uremic syndrome and quantifieddoses of dialysis . In this study, we are interested for new model emerges formgeneralization of signal–pool urea kinetic model (variable volume single pool VVSP)which able to yield an accurate estimate of urea kinetic model such as urea nitrogengeneration rate, urea removal during dialysis and dialyzer urea clearance forquantifying and prescribing dialysis. The mathematical development of the variablevolume single pool ( VVSP) model for application is based primarily on the threeblood samples. This development provides a method to combine all of the treatmentparameters (Vt,PCR,G),urea is unique among the possible markers in providinginformation regarding a patients nitrogen balance . Urea concentration is directlyrelated to the protein catabolic rate blood urea concentrations reflected the balancebetween protein catabolism and clearance. We present the results obtained form aclinical study carried out on a group of 12 end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients forblood flow rate less than 200ml/min and greater than 200ml/min, 6 patients withdialysate flow rate (DFR) 500 ml/min and 6 patients with DFR 800 ml/min to showthe different in variable volume single pool (VVSP ) models for both groups (500 &800 ml/min) this method done typically in patients treated with HD twice-weekly so astandard modeling techniques include a standard blood urea nitrogen (BUN) sampleswhich are drawn before the beginning of HD, after the end of HD, and before thebeginning of the next HD and considering that volume changes occurring over the dialysis cycle this is the key idea that underlies the variable volume single-pool(VVSP)model.
hemodialysis
urea kinetic modeling
Variable Volume single
pool
2010
02
01
980
991
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27144_12fb0423cb4b3ea16b91ae49a5fe621b.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
Characterization of Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloys
Sheelan
R. Areef
Master Samples NiTi (without additives) prepared using powder mixture of 55wt% Ni and 45 wt% Ti by; mixing in a ball mill for two hours, then compacted at 300,400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 Mpa, and then sintered at 950 oC for 9 hours under controlledatmosphere (argon). The same approach was made for the samples with Mo and Coadditions compacted at 800 Mpa. From the results, it was found that compaction pressurehas essential effect on; increasing hardness, decreases porosity percentage and corrosionrate. XRD test shows that the sintered samples are consisting of two phases martensiteand austenite at room temperatures (mean thermal NiTi shape memory alloy). The Resultsshown that the hardness property and corrosion rate increased with all weight percentageof additives Mo and Co, and decreases porosity percentage.
2010
02
01
992
1000
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27145_403ad1f4a959812ef87a70ce9f091bae.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
The Treatment of Efficiency of NaI(Tl) Detector By Using Monte Carlo Simulation
A.
B. Kadhem
A.
N. Mohammed
An efficient Monte Carlo computer program for simulation and calculation of thetotal and full energy peak efficiency (absolute and intrinsic) of the cylindricalNaI(Tl)detector (with different: volumes, source-detector separation and gamma raysenergies) is described. All the fundamental physical processes (photoelectric effect,compton scattering effect and pair production effect) occurring inside the detector aretaken into account. Very fast analytical expressions for the absorption coefficients areobtained. The same program can be used to calculate the response function of thedetector to gamma ray. The results show quite well agreement with experimental dataand with other calculations within error rate less than 2%. The results can be used ingamma spectroscopy and determining the activity of sources.
Gamma Detection Efficiency
NaI
Monte Carlo simulation
Gamma Ray Spectroscopy
2010
02
01
1001
1013
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27146_306d0416abb33adc81e03c9da91d8349.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
D.C. Servo Position Control Parameter Estimation
Saad
T. Kurdi
Nihad
M. Ameen
Open-loop and closed-loop position control systems are obtained using dcmotor. The open-loop uses an estimation of controller parameters to perform theposition control where the closed loop position control systems uses a cascadecontroller to maintain the desired position. Controllers are designed usingMatlab/Simulink simulation package. The objective is to design a positioncontroller which will be able to drive the motor at a specified constant velocitywhich might gives the motor some constant torque. The results obtained from theopen-loop position control system parameters estimation shows betterperformance specification in the control tasks, such as rise time and overshoot.The cascade closed-loop position control system shows an improvement inperformance when use the values of estimated parameters .
2010
02
01
1014
1023
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27147_a3a2010c7ad9b7e2ecd13af9722d4cf0.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
5
Combined Hierarchical Wavelet-Coefficient Structures For Grayscale Image Compression
T.
M. Al-juboori
Viktar
Yu. Tsviatkou
Anatoly
A. Boriskevich
A suitable algorithm suggested with wavelet compression for gray scaleimages based on one- and two-dimension combined hierarchical structure, in thesub-band which has been generated by the aid of several types of waveletfunctions. It is shown that the using of combined based hierarchical structuresallows us to reduce the calculations complexity of compression anddecompression at constant values of compression coefficients.
2010
02
01
1024
1037
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_27148_213e9886c008431ea1feb710105e58d8.pdf