2024-03-28T21:56:08Z
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/?_action=export&rf=summon&issue=2423
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Estimation of Fatigue Life Components By Proposed Mathematical Model
In this study the fatigue behavior of an aluminum alloy designated 2024 – T3under constant and variable amplitude of stresses is considered. The applied loadadopted is a rotating bending one, the cross Section of the laboratory samples iscircular with a diameter of (6.74mm). All tests were carried out under a stress ratioof R = - 1 and at room temperature condition. The study consists of two partsexperimental and theoretical. The experimental part includes carrying outlaboratory tests on two groups of specimens the first group was tested underconstant stress amplitude to establish the S-N curve of the specimen's material,while the second group was tested under variable amplitude of stress to assess theeffects of the accumulated fatigue damage. The theoretical part of the studyincludes a review of previous literature adopted to derive a theoretical andmathematical model depending upon the variation of the stresses obtainedbysome previous theories, taking into consideration low and high stress levels, andeven post yield.The derived model is denoted as elastic-plastic model for the evaluation of lifetime of machinery parts. The linear theory of Miner and the theory of ElasticCracks Propagation are also studied throughout the theoretical part of the study.In order to assess the capability of the two theories with the derived model: acomparison is held between the experimented results and the results obtained byapplying the two theories.It is noted that results obtained by applying the two theories are lower(underestimates) than those obtained from the experimental study and that resultsobtained by the suggested derived model are in better agreement than thoseobtained by the two theories.
fatigue life
Aluminum Alloy
Mathematical Model
2010
09
01
922
932
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40757_96e8eb6bca9025d76aa4596f853c3599.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
The Effect of Planning Limitations on Minimizing the Holding Capacity of Cities Extension (Case Study: Sulaimaniyah City)
Big cities suffered from overcrowding problems which push them to growhorizontally and vertically. The extended cities will face the use of new landproblem around them, which not vacant from the physical limitations thatconstraint that extension and make it difficult which minimize the holdingcapacity for that costly extension. These limitations was the topic of this researchespecially the artificial ones which surrounded the Sulaimaniyah city especially inthe study area which regard as a main direction for its extension and caused aseries of planning problems and minimizing the holding capacity is one of them.The research showed that the effect of artificial limitations was exceeded thannatural limitations in spite of that the area is known with the second is more thanthe first one. And showed that the maximizing of the passive effect of artificiallimitations was caused by littleness of directorates, experiment in the planning andinvestment.
2010
09
01
933
952
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40758_fc578bf588be8525d0e276f453835fff.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Using Solar Energy to produce Hydrogen (Baghdad-Iraq)
A theoretical and experimental study was done about using solar energy toproduce Hydrogen; Hydrogen is one of the main options to use as unpolluted fuelfor environment and alternative energy instead of traditional fuels.Theoretical study included mathematical model for Hydrogen-solar system topredict, solar radiation, solar cells electrical power generation and the amount ofHydrogen gas decomposed in an electrolyser at specific condition.Experimental study included manufacturing and testing of Hydrogen-solar systemmodel, using electrolysis water solution method.The system consists of a solar cell module and electrolyser which was testedduring day's hours of many random days, the analysis study of the experimentalresults showed good agreement with the theoretical predictions of solar radiation,the amount of generated Hydrogen and small deviation in the solar cell's electricalpower because we canceled the electrical resistance of the system.The study showed the ability of using solar energy to produce Hydrogen and todeduce the best conditions to increase the production and the efficiency of thesystem.
Solar energy
electrolysis
Hydrogen
2010
09
01
953
967
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40760_c8100a255b9163cad9f0cf47992dc811.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Stability of Al-Hadba minaret a-parametric study
Al-Hadba minaret in MOSUL City is one of the famous and oldest Islamicmonuments in the city. This minaret suffers from cracks in different places andpartial collapse in the outer stairs and in the upper dome. In addition to that, theminaret is suffering from leaning. In this research the stability analysis,displacement, and stress distribution were investigated using ANSYS 11 programto represent the effect of external loads, and loads from maintenance work. In theanalysis the minaret and its foundation were considered as a one unit. Furthermore, the effect of changing the nature of surrounding soil was investigated.Results showed that the underground soil around the foundation is fill andvery loose material containing high percent of organic material and cavities. Thisformation is extend down to (4.3-9.8 m) below the ground surface and have nopronounce effect on the stability of the minaret .The analysis showed that the maximum compressive stress at the base of minaret in the inclination direction ofthe minaret, where the opposite direction is under tension and the highest valuewas at the base of cylindrical part.
Hadba minaret
rune building
leaning minaret
ANSYS
maintain of ancient
2010
09
01
968
981
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40761_9c71dc11f7761564a0e4f0db24b3a5e8.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Low Cycle Fatigue Failure of AA7020 Aluminum Alloy at different heat treatments
The present work encompasses Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) ofthe Al-alloy AA7020 with three conditions; annealing, naturalaging and artificial aging. The LCF tests carried out using standardspecimens cantilever beam types. Optical Light Microscope (OLM)and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were employed toexamine the fracture features .The results confirmed that AA7020-O sustained cyclic ha rdening, while 7020-T4 & 7020-T6undergoing cyclic softening, therefore make the annealingconditions more resistance to LCF. The values of fa tigue str engthexponent (b) is varying from (-0.064) to (-0.14) and fatigueductility exponent (c) from (-0.554) to (-0.60), whereas thesevalues within the general limitation of the metals. The number oftransition cycle (NT) for annealing condition is more comparing tothe other conditions which emphasis that the annealing alloy willwithstand more cycles before introducing the plastic zone. Theinformation extracted from Engineering Stress-Strain curve; (σu/σy)as well as strain harden exponent (n) can be need to estimate thebehavior of annealing and artificial alloy, while the natural agingalloy will need LCF testing to definite the conducting because ofits "n" less than (1.2) and (σu/σy ) more than (1.4) .The SEMexamination districted many point of cracks initiation for the threealloys at stresses more than Yield point. OLM investigation of thecross-section of fracture surface indicated the dominating ofapplied stress when it is more than Yield point of artificial agingalloy. Where the stress concentration is the most important role forannealing specimens because of companion of cycle strainhardening
Low Cycle Fatigue
Strain
Li fe Of Aluminum Alloy at annealing
natural aging and ar tificial aging
2010
09
01
982
998
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40763_210bd78a58661f496cc955aefdb2f54f.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Theempact of information on the architect design
The accelerated evolution of informatics is considered the core aspect ofinformation age. , which had focused on the production of materials, theage of informatics revolution came, which concentrated on production ofideas rather than materials, and those countries that have more informationare the most control over the events in the world. The last twenty yearswitnessed phenomenal development in the information and communicationsector which we never had before and this development has changed thefeatures of the new world, therefore functions replaced others and newtechniques came up which have changed the activities of society andaffected concepts and postulates, As other activities of life, architecture waslargely influenced by the informatics evolution causing a change in theconcept of architecture and architectural design in terms ofthinking,analysis and performance and production methods. The researchalso explains the concept of informatics, technology and globalization ,brings up a definition for the architectural design, shows the importance ofinformatics on thedesigning process and then impact of informatics in the architectural formation, reaching to a new formulation for the designingprocess in the information age and extract indexes for informatics like theartificial intelligence, communication development, information buildingand globalization. And then to examine these indexes' impact on thedesigning process via creating a questionnaire, reaching to a conclude thatthe elements and informatics technologies raise the designing process'sproficiency, Finally, the research recommends it is necessary that students,academicians, vocational people and those who work in the architecturalengineering domain to recognize the elements and informatics technologiesin the designing process in order to go along with the age development
2010
09
01
999
1016
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40764_520545dd4876309aca9eaa0881df3286.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Effect of the Number of Horizontal Construction Joints In Reinforced Concrete Beams
Maha
Ghalib Ghaddar
Layla
Ali Ghaleb
Qais
Abdul-Majeed
In this paper some results from previous experimental test are adoptedand analyzed using a nonlinear three-dimensional finite element ANSYScomputer program (v.11) to investigate the effect of the presence ofhorizontal construction joints (H.C.J.) on the behavior of reinforcedconcrete (RC) beams.Three beams having one, two and three (H.C.J.) that divide the beam into equalparts, as well as one reference beam without a joint were analyzed. The resultsobtained from the finite element analysis show very good agreement with theresults obtained from the previous experimental test. The maximum differences inultimate loads were about (8.2-10.4)% for all types of tested beams. The presenceof one, two and three (H.C.J.) in RC beams under flexure gave a decrease in thevalue of the cracking load such that Pcr was (97%), (85%) and (80%) of (Bref).The respective ultimate load capacity Pu was (96%), (89%) and (84%) comparedto (Bref).
RC beams
horizontal construction joints
dowels
reinforcing steels
ANSYS
Finite element method
2010
09
01
5803
5821
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40302_caf971a10a0468bd515cb99301774592.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Improvement of Gypseous Soil by Clinker Additive
Mohammed
A. Mahmoud Al-Neami
In this paper, mechanical properties were studied for gypseous soilbrought up from Al-Axandria region, Babylon Governorate. Gypsumcontent is equal to (40%). Many tests were employed on disturbed andundisturbed samples collected at depth (1-1.5) m.Clinker material used in cement was chosen as additive to study itseffect on improvement of gypseous soil by using three crushed percentages(2, 4, & 6) %.The results marked that (4) % clinker decreases the collapsibilitysharply; more than 73 % of improvement in collapse potential has beenachieved at this percent of clinker. Also, compressibility decreases withincrease of clinker percentage. The compression index decreased from 0.17to 0.1 (29 – 41% reduction with increases of clinker).The shear strength parameters of the treated soil determined bydirect shear test are more those than for natural soils due to increase in thecohesion and decrease in angle of internal friction.
Gypseous soil
soil treatment
Collapsibility
problematic soils
clinker
2010
09
01
5822
5832
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40304_cfee0d996eab8983d26501e8aec2670e.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Proposal of Mutation-Based Bees Algorithm (MBA) to Solve Traveling Salesman & Jobs Scheduling Problems
Saran
Akram Chaweshly
This paper presents an improved swarm-based algorithm which is based on BeesAlgorithm and Mutation Operator. Mutation-based Bees Algorithm (MBA) is veryuseful to solve some NP-complete problems. This paper contains the basic version ofMBA with solving two NP-complete problems as examples and experiments fortesting the suggested approach. These two problems are Traveling Salesman Problemand Job Scheduling Problem. The experimental results show that the suggestedapproach is very suitable for solving NP-complete problems and gives good resultscompare with traditional Bees algorithm.
2010
09
01
5833
5843
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40307_a6bc31ee6cf025c1783cb1088a599624.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Speed Control of Permanent Magnet D.C. Motor Using Neural Network Control
Lina
J. Rashad
This paper proposes the speed control of a permanent magnet direct current(PMDC) motor by varying armature voltage. The objective is to control therotor angular speed to follow the desired value. The main feature of theproposed controller is neural network, which captures the nonlinearity system ofthe motor. Neural network (NN) performance is compared with theconventional controller performance like PI (Proportional-Integral) controller toshow that NN performance is excellent. Numerous work reported in recent pasthave shown that Artificial Neural Network (ANN) controller has a potential toreplace the conventional PI controller. Artificial Neural Network controlapparently offers a possibility of obtaining an improvement in the quality of thespeed response, compared to PI control. This research proposes NARMA-L2(Nonlinear Autoregressive-Moving Average) as an improved ANNtechnique,and trained as a close loop controller, which gives an ideal performance ascompared with PI controller to control the angular speed of rotor in a permanentmagnet dc (PMDC) motor. Simulation results show the effectiveness of theproposed control scheme.The entire system has been modeled using MATLABtoolbox.
PMDC Motor
speed control of PMDC
PI Controller
ANN controller
NARMA
controller
2010
09
01
5844
5856
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40317_ca024d3329675174552f61fbe5b7b6cb.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Studying the Compatibility between Metakaolin Repair Materials And Concrete Substrate
Maan
S. Hassan
Zainab
T. Hadad
Shaymaa
T.Kadhim
In this study, the compatibility of Metakaolin repair mortar and substrate concrete was investigated in three stages. First: individual properties of Metakaolin as a pozzolanic material and conventional repair materials(cement mortar), and two types of concrete, such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, were determined using standard ASTM test procedure. Second: the bondstrength of composite cylinder for different combinations of repair materials and substrate concrete were evaluated. Third: the compatibility was investigated using a composite beam of repair material and substrate concrete under third point loading.The experimental results indicated that repairing weak substrate concrete by Metakaolin modified repair material is not preferable du to disparity in mechanical properties and create high level of mismatch between them. Furthermore, bond strength is considered as great influence factor on the success range of repair system.
Metakaolin
Concrete repair materials
compatibility
bond test
2010
09
01
5857
5868
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40350_5d616eae68eaae38ecb436aa2f304ccc.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Core Polarization Effects on the Inelastic Longitudinal C2 Form Factors of Open Sd-Shell Nuclei
Adel
K. Hamoudi
ad
A. Radhi
Gaith
N. Flaiyh
Inelastic longitudinal C2 form factors for + ® +1 1 0 1 2 1 and + ® +1 2 0 1 2 1transitions in open sd shell nuclei (22Ne, 26Mg and 30Si ) are discussed takinginto accounot the effects of core polarization. These effects are calculated usingthe shape of Tassie model together with our derived form of the ground state twobodycharge density distribution (2BCDD). Remarkable agreements are obtainedbetween the calculated inelastic longitudinal C2 form factors and those ofexperimental data.
Core polarization
Inelastic
Longitudinal and Charge
2010
09
01
5869
5880
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40353_89ee0fd2a4ad0847b14aba4cd667e022.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Influence of Deposition Condition on the Properties of Chemically Deposited Cu2O Film
Abdal-Satar
Kuther
Ali
M. Mousa
Cuprous oxide films have been deposited by chemical bath method fromalkaline solution at pH=8.6.The deposited oxides were investigated using X-raydiffraction, surface morphology, optical and electrical measurements. It is shownthat during deposition two different stages could be distinguished. the band gap ofthe deposited film tuned from 2eV to 2.5 eV by decreasing deposition time. X-raydiffraction (XRD) measurements showed formation of CuO and Cu2O phases, thestructure shows a thickness dependent. The grain size of as deposited andannealed films at different temperatures were calculated from SEM data, Theresults showed that the grain size of films increased with increasing depositiontime and annealing temperature. The resistivity of the films had significantlydecreased with increased deposition time, also films activation energy decreasedwith increasing thickness
Cuprous oxide
CBD
ray diffraction
nano film
2010
09
01
5881
5892
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40358_364fb23c3c3d9e11cfdd717df0afbc5d.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Effect of Elevated Temperature on Punching Shear of Regular and Irregular Shaped Self-Compacted Concrete Slabs
Luma
Fadhil H
The exposure of reinforced concrete slabs to high temperature causes changesin their structural behavior.This work aims to study the post-heating behavior of self compacted concrete(SCC) regular (square) and irregular (trapezoidal) shaped flat plates and assessingthe residual punching shear strength of these slabs.Twenty four reduced scale reinforced concrete slab specimens divided intotwo main groups (square and trapezoidal slabs), each of which consists of twelveslab identical in size and shape but different in concrete compressive strength(30,50,70) MPa. These specimens are subjected to different temperature levels(100, 300, 500) 0C and still heated in that temperature level for one hour using anelectric furnace and the results are compared with specimens tested at roomtemperature 25 0C.The effect of specimen shape, heating level, concrete compressive strength onthe punching shear resistance of slabs are discussed in details.Results indicate that the reduction in punching shear strength is ranged between(0 and 16) %, for square slab, at maximum temperature exposure (500) 0C, whilethis rate is ranged between (6.3 and 40.4) % for trapezoidal slabs. This indicatesthat the punching shear resistance of regular shaped slabs is higher than that ofirregular shaped slabs.
Punching shear
self compacted concrete
Elevated temperature
regular and irregular shaped flat plates
2010
09
01
5893
5906
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40362_1b3a4b034d6c5470d7bb3e8f4d6c415c.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Design New Block Cipher Algorithm With New Concept
Saad
K. Majeed
Maki
Mahdi Abdulhasan
There are several techniques to safeguard the security of the information stored inthe computers or transmitted by networks; the most powerful tool is encryption.Encryption provides confidentiality for information; additionally encryption can beused to achieve integrity and availability. In this paper we design new Block cipheralgorithm with new concepts that are " encryption keys updating " where this result anew approach not used in all the known block cipher algorithms which is " The samekey, encrypts the same plaintext multiple times and produces different cipher texts ",also user does not inform anything about encryption keys, that giving the proposedalgorithm protection from the cheating of user and the secrecy of the encryption keysremain only in Key Management Center (KMC), finally, this algorithm workapproximately as one-time pad.
2010
09
01
5907
5918
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40562_5f61a795d1bd5fbcb2b5882c2056fbfd.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Increased Damage to Uphill Rigid Pavements from Full- Trailers
Sabah
S. Razouki
id
R. Al-Muhanna
Design charts for truck equivalence factors for full-trailer on uphill rigidpavements were developed for a terminal level of serviceability pt=2.5. Each chartis devoted to a certain rigid pavement slab thickness giving the truck equivalencefactor versus the total weight of the full-trailer for an uphill gradient of 0, 6, 12and 18% as well as a certain ratio of the height of center of gravity of each unit ofthe full-trailer to the corresponding wheel base (H/B). Five values for slabthickness were considered namely D = 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 inches (15.2, 20.3,25.4, 30.5, 35.6 cm respectively) and one value for H/B ratio of 1.0 were used.Due to axle load redistribution on upgrades, the axle loads for the full-trailerswere calculated assuming uniform motion and taking into account the effect of themoment of the component of the weight of the tractor and trailer unit parallel tothe upgrade and acting at the center of gravity of each unit.A strong linearcorrelation between the rolling resistance and total weight of the trailer unit wasobtained to arrive at the pull force in the rod when travelling on uphill pavements.The paper reveals the significant effect of the upgrade magnitude as well as ofthe H/B ratio on the truck equivalence factor. The truck equivalence factorsincrease non-linearly with increasing truck weight, H/B ratio and upgrademagnitude. This increase is quite significant for the higher values of upgrade, H/Bratio as well as the slab thickness. The critical full-trailer is that having a totalweight exceeding about 400 kN beyond which the corresponding equivalencyfactor on uphill pavement diverges significantly from that on level highway.
2010
09
01
5919
5937
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40584_1f0857c76ab21eaeb9d0aed4bd89ac1c.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Removal of Phenol From Aqueous Solution By Agriculture Waste
Tagreed
Lutfee A
Using agriculture waste products waste Tea (WT) and activated carbonwaste Tea (WT-GAC) as biosorbent for phenol from aqueous solution wasstudied. Adsorption in this way more economical in comparison with otherconventional methods which are usually costly. Batch kinetics and isothermstudies were carried out under varying experimental conditions of contact time,phenol concentration, adsorbent dose and PH value. It was observed that theadsorption process is instantaneous and attained equilibrium within 10 minutes foractivated carbon waste Tea and 30 minutes for waste Tea at phenol concentration(100-600) mg/L. the adsorption of phenol increase with increasing the solution pHvalue till pH 7 then it decrease with increasing pH value. The Freundlich andLangmuir models were used for the mathematical description of adsorptionequilibrium and it was found that data fitted very well to the Freundlich models.
phenol
adsorption
Agricultural
waste product
2010
09
01
5938
5955
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40589_c52a65bcd84845ee49111d0c69d8c4a5.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
T-Semi Connected Spaces
Bushra
Kadum Awaad
Hadi
J. Mustafa
In this paper, we introduce a new concept, namely T-semi connectedspace, where T is an operator associated with the topological T defined on a nonempty set X. Several properties of this concept are proved
Semi connected
2010
09
01
5956
5959
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40602_b5c2adcfa8af05b53060855c0e81b7b1.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Spectral Eigenface Representation for Human Identification
Hanaa
M. Salman
Human identification based on face images, as physical biometric means, plays animperative role in many applications area. The methods for human identification usingface image uses either part of the face, all face, or mixture from these methods, in eithertime domain or frequency domain. This paper investigate the ability to implement theeigenface in frequency domain, the result spectral eigenface is utilize as a feature vectormeans for human identification. The converting from eigenface implementation in timedomain, into spectral eigenface implementation in frequency domain, is based onimplemented the correlation by using FFT. The Min-max is invoked as normalizationtechniques that increase spectral eigenface robustness to variations in facial geometryand illumination. Two face images are contrast in terms of their correlation distance. Athreshold (10.50x107) is used to restrict the impostor face image from being identified.The experimental results point up the effectiveness of a new method in either usingvarying (noisy images, unknown image, face expressions, illumine, and scale s), withidentification value of 100%.
Human identification
Biometrics
Eigenface
FFT
correlation
Min
Max
2010
09
01
5960
5972
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40752_867971a7490c930a38bc601d673d98c9.pdf
Engineering and Technology Journal
ETJ
1681-6900
1681-6900
2010
28
19
Development of A Fuel Card Application Using Basic Smart Card
Huda
Fathil Alwan
Mohammed
Najm Abdullah
This work is devoted for smart card technology and focusing on softwareand security. The main differences between smart card software and PersonalComputer software have been reviewed. The BasicCard is adopted to designa Fuel Card Application; Fuel Card Application deals with the two parts ofsmart card software namely, card side and host side. In the present techniqueprograms for Issuing Company, Card User and Fuel Card have beendeveloped. The threats those may attack a Fuel Card application wereanalyzed then solutions have been proposed to fulfill the securityrequirements; this is done by designing Fuel Card Application with securitywhich has different cryptographic algorithms that use different keys in asingle Fuel Card. Under ZeitControl BasicCard @Development Kit, two FuelCard Application models, with security and without security, were developedand simulated using Professional BasicCard, memory and time of executionfor the two models have been compared. It is concluded that applyingsecurity increases memory in not more than 25%, while the increase in theexecution time is about 60% but this increment is insignificant relative to theinputting time
2010
09
01
5973
6000
https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40755_cf61a809ac889ae31c74647b03c9504e.pdf