University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900401020221001Preparation and Performance of PU/Cpsf Blend Ultrafiltration Membranes for Removal of Heavy Metal Ion Rejection Studies1275128317470510.30684/etj.2022.132153.1201ENLatha C.S.Chemistry Engineering Dept, QuaidE Millath Government College for Women, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600 002.Shanthana LakshmiDAriviya Technologies, Chinnaya Street, Pattukkottai, India - 600017Maheswari P.Department of Chemistry, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 603203Mohan DDean, Science & Humanities, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 602 105Journal Article20220427The performance of membranes for a specific application can be determined with the help of structural properties such as molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), morphology, and pore statistics. Heavy metal ions from aqueous streams can be separated with the help of ultrafiltration membranes. In the presence and absence of the various components of the additive poly (ethylene glycol) 600, MWCOs and pore statistics of polyurethane (PU) and carboxylated polysulfone (CPSf) blend ultrafiltration (Total Polymer Concentration = 17.5 wt %) were studied with the help of dextran of different molecular weights ranging from 19 kDa to 150 kDa. The derived pore size, porosity, and the number of pores have a remarkable relationship with the MWCO, morphology, and the flux performance of the membranes. The blend membranes rejected certain toxic divalent heavy metal ions such as copper, cadmium, nickel, and zinc by complexing them into a polymeric ligand, poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI). The effect of polymer blend compositions and additive concentrations on metal ions' rejection and permeate flux are discussedhttps://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_174705_93c83b4f8d47046c5316c708a9bba767.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900401020221001A Survey on Load Balancing, Routing, and Congestion in SDN1284129417499110.30684/etj.2022.132886.1150ENAmthal K.MousaComputer Engineering Department, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq0000-0002-6057-0633Mohammed N.AbdullahComputer Engineering Department, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad, IraqJournal Article20220127High traffic could result in load imbalance or network congestion, which degrades the network’s performance and efficiency. Thus, it is crucial to adopt efficient routing and load balancing models to face these challenging issues. Additionally, when investigating a new approach, it is essential to consider the most important metrics to evaluate this potential approach precisely. This paper presents an intensive analysis of recently available SDN-based load balancing and routing techniques. Furthermore, the features and issues of each technique are stated. Moreover, the most important metrics that should be evaluated are statically analyzed. Also, a brief survey of available network congestion solutions is shown. Additionally, taxonomies of available load balancing, routing techniques, and congestion solutions are presented. Finally, we shed light on the trends, promising techniques, and future directions’ suggestions that could be utilized further in research. Investigating SDN-based research published by well-known academic publishers in the last six years shows that enhancing network performance and AI-based approaches are the highest investigated topics with 28% and 27%, respectively, of the total investigated issues. Other topics took lower percentages. As far as we know, this study is the first work that jointly surveys and categorizes all existing approaches in the field of decreasing delay and congestion in SDN-based networkshttps://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_174991_0ebee97791cb8c7db89fd63d56b7a7be.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900401020221001Images Enhancement Based on a New Multi-Dimensional Fractal Created by Rectangular Function1295130617546210.30684/etj.2022.134235.1229ENRabab F.FarhanComputer Science Dept, University of Technology - Iraq, Alsina’a Street, 10066 Baghdad, Iraq.0000-0003-2756-1003Journal Article20220610Digital image processing is a field that is included in many journals due to its importance and the fact that it facilitates the achievement of many scientific and engineering applications worldwide. This specialization is linked with other disciplines, whether medical, engineering, sports, and others, as it facilitates the completion of applications quickly and efficiently. Researchers have discovered and garnered notice as a promising analytic tool in image processing using the idea of fractal dimension. In this effort, a new Multi-Dimensional Fractal (MDF) in view of the rectangle function was introduced a. As an application, the MDF to improve and enhance the images was employed, and found that there is a connection between MDF and image processing, where the self-similarity property, for example, is one of several features in the new definition. Other properties are discussed in the sequel, including image noise reduction. The presence of noise is responsible for properly operating these images in various applications. Several academics have created and applied a strategy for minimizing noise in features multiplicatively throughout the last several years. The outcomes reveal that the proposed strategy is successful. The method is based on the definition of the rectangular function (the elementary component of all digital signals, videos, and images), where this function indicates a rectangular-formed rhythm that is concentrated at the origin. For example, the suggested process received a rate of 97% for PNSR and 95% for RMSD.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_175462_fc60bc1200fa05ee72355ecb87a14c71.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900401020221001Study the Effect of Laser Wavelength on ZnO Nanoparticle Characteristics Synthesized by Pulse Laser Ablation as an Antibacterial Application1307131717551010.30684/etj.2022.134261.1232ENHadeel J.ImranLaser and Optoelectronics Engineering Department, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq.Kadhim A.Hubeatira Laser and Optoelectronics Engineering Dept., University of Technology-Iraq, Alsina’a street, 10066 Baghdad, Iraq.0000-0003-4930-1907Kadhim A.AadimDepartment of physics, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, IraqJournal Article20220613In recent years, biologists, chemists, materials scientists, and engineers have become interested in Nano-sized particles because of their unique properties. In this paper, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using an Nd: YAG laser with 800 mJ at 1064 nm and 532 nm (the fundamental and second harmonic wavelengths). The characteristics of optical, morphological, structural, wettability and antibacterial activity have been studied. The used technique of PLAL was successful in nanoparticle formation. It was proved in color changes, which was an indication of ZnO nanoparticle formation. The optical measurements show a decrease in absorption wavelength and an increase in the band gap, an indication of the formation of quantum confinement due to nanoparticle formation. The XRD involves the formation of polycrystalline ZnO at both wavelengths. Also, the FE-SEM proved the formation of nanoparticles with a semispherical shape and little agglomeration on the surface. However, the EDX shows Zn and O in the film, which means the formation of ZnO. The low contact angle indicates high wettability, which means that the material has high biocompatibility. Finally, the antibacterial test was done on two types of bacteria (E. coli and S. aurous) and showed an antibacterial effect on both types with different NP concentrations.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_175510_50a7667f5c1ba3a2afc656603a898581.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900401020221001The Alternative Representation of the Bipolar Sugeno Integral1318132417554510.30684/etj.2022.135012.1256ENJabbar AbbasDepartment of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq0000-0002-5786-2010Hossein JafariDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, University of South Africa, UNISA0003, South Africa0000-0001-6807-6675Journal Article20220803In the context of decision support systems, bi-capacities were introduced as an extension of classical capacities. Many bipolar fuzzy integrals related to the bi-capacities have been presented in recent years. One of these integrals is the Sugeno integral concerning aggregation on bipolar scales. The paper aims to build an equivalent representation of the bipolar Sugeno integral. Therefore, we first employ in this paper the framework based on a ternary-criterion set for proposing an alternative formula of the bipolar Sugeno integral to be suitable for bipolar scales. Then, we discuss some basic properties and give an illustrative example of this representation. This representation is consistent as an extension of the representation concerning the classical capacities and aggregation on the Sugeno integral unipolar scales.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_175545_daf3d8fc52d50f86e177f33459e2157f.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900401020221001Effect of Different Parameters on Raman Scattering Released from Nb2O5 Nanostructures Prepared via PLD Technique1325133317563910.30684/etj.2022.134436.1238ENEvan T.SalimApplied science department, university of technology - iraq0000-0001-6983-5952Suhair R.ShafeeqLaser and Optoelectronic engineering, University of technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq.Mohammed JalalAbdulRazzaqLaser and Optoelectronic engineering, University of technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq.Mohammed H. A.WahidSemiconductor Photonics &amp; Integrated Lightwave Systems (SPILS), School of Microelectronic Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, MalaysiaJournal Article20220625Due to the significance of Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> as a promising industrial and biomedical material and the importance of Raman analyses to identify nanostructural molecular responsivity for various applications, this study aims to investigate Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> molecular bands that emerged under the impact of the Raman scattering phenomenon. Besides other advantages, Raman scattering analyses can provide a further investigation of the nanostructural polycrystalline phases supporting the XRD analyses. A pulsed laser was selected as the deposition technique for Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> thin films prepared with four different parameters. The selection of the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method was due to the insufficient studies and investigations of Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> nanostructures prepared via this method. The deposition parameters included the laser energy per pulse, substrate temperature, laser wavelength, and the number of laser pulses. Each preparation parameter was studied in a range, and one obtained value was optimized or selected for investigating the next parameter. Q-switched Nd:YAG pulsed laser was employed for this purpose. Orthorhombic (T-Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) and monoclinic (H-Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) were obtained and investigated. XRD analysis was incorporated to confirm the resulting Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> phases. Previous studies and observations of Niobium (V) oxide molecular Raman scattering bands were also listed for comparison purposes. The results of this study were well-agreed with the previously obtained results.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_175639_c9e5b948d8f6b0dc4b8045e06c637507.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900401020221001Optimization of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) for Gold/Air Interface by using Kretschmann Configuration1334134117570610.30684/etj.2022.132902.1151ENYadgar H.Shwanphysics/education/university of sulaimani/sulaimani/iraqBerun N.Ghafoorphysics/education/university of sulaimani/sulaimani/iraq0000-0003-0450-3919Govar H.Hamasalihphysics/education/university of sulaimani/sulaimani/iraqJournal Article20220201The coherent oscillation of electrons at contact among a dielectric and metal when the metal is exposed to incoming plasmon is known as “surface Plasmon resonance”. To achieve the best surface plasmon resonance (SPR) signal, several aspects must be considered, including the excitation wavelength, the sort of metals used, and the thickness of the metal layer. The modification of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) depending on the thickness of metallic gold was investigated in this study. The reflection spectrum is determined as a function of metal thickness and dielectric medium (air), which is fixed in this case, and measuring the resonance angle for each size (length of the gold layer) to visualize the influence of the metal film on the resonance angle. The analysis concentrated on the impact of gold layer thickness variations on resonance angle shift. SPR's ideal thickness was discovered to be 45-50 nm. We used the spin coating method to create a thin layer. The thickness of thin films is measured by scanning the sample with an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip. The optimum SPR angle profile with the minimum amount of reflection and dip reflection is achieved with this film thickness. The reflectance and resonance angle performance features of gold layers were analyzed utilizing plasmonic Kretschmann configurations at a wavelength nm) in sensing media (air). In an experimental analysis of the improved surface plasmon resonance characteristics of the gold/air coupling, they also showed a significant shift in resonance angle due to the film thickness variation. Biomedical science, optics, biosensing, and medicine are just a few of the domains where the (SPR) has been applied.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_175706_92cff8ffaa07591896af64bbb193a434.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900401020221001Droplets Generation using Soluble Polymeric and Surfactant Additives in a Micro-Flow System: An Experimental Approach1342135117580510.30684/etj.2022.134882.1252ENNur Farra Ilyana Binti YosmanCenter of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow, University Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, MALAYSIAWafaa K.MahmoodDepartment of Production Engineering and Metallurgy, University of Technology-IRAQ, Baghdad, Iraq.Hayder A.AbdulbariCenter of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow, University Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, MALAYSIA0000-0003-4971-6221Journal Article20220727In the present work, polymer and surfactant solutions (Xanthan Gum- Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) were formulated and tested in a micro-flow system (microchannel) carrying octanoic acid as the hydrocarbon phase to determine the droplets formation capabilities of the two different additives. The purpose is to compare the droplet-generated size, shape, and distance between the droplets forming from the individual additives solutions. The jetting phenomenon that happens during droplet generation was also investigated. The solution of the polymer (XG) and surfactant (CTAB) was prepared in 5 different concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250) ppm and (500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500) ppm, respectively. The continuous and dispersed phases' flow was controlled by controlling the inlet pressure of both phases. Direct-writing lithography was used to fabricate the microchannels using polydimethylsiloxane polymer. The microfluidic chip was connected to an open-loop fluid circulation system, and the produced by polymer and surfactant solutions droplets size was recorded using a high-resolution microscope. The droplet generated using the XG solution was larger, and the distance between droplets was shorter as concentration increased. In contrast, the CTAB solutions showed smaller droplets, and the distance between droplets increased as the concentration increased. The possibility of coalescence of the droplet was also higher as the distance between droplets was shorter. In terms of jetting regime, as the pressure ratio increases, the jet breakup length increases before forming the droplet until, at some limit, the dispersed phase was failed to generate droplets.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_175805_f96bfd8c3576fbad2c27b553239b371c.pdf