University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900261220081228The Effect Of Changing Iraqi Residence Building Orientation , Materials And It's Construction Position On Energy Consumption4734832688510.30684/etj.26.12.10ENJournal Article20081201The researcher was noticed that through his study for Iraqi residence<br />building for low income people, the big similarity of its architectural<br />design appearance. Therefore, he was selected one of that; he was<br />calculated its cooling load (heat leakage through glasses, walls and roof<br />areas) and its electrical energy con gumptions during 12 hours/day, 30<br />day/month for summer months. The researcher was changed the three<br />parameters and replication that calculation in each once:-<br />• Building orientation (the researcher assumed that building would be<br />constructs in eight orientations.<br />• Building materials (the researcher assumed that building would be<br />constructs with five different types of walls and roofs).<br />• Construction position (the researcher assumed the building area latitude<br />would be constructs with five position in Iraq).<br />At last ,the researcher found that , the good orientation for that selected<br />building is South East – North West , which it consumed minimum<br />energy for cooling purpose , and that energy that building value was<br />increased by 8% when rotated to North East –South West and became<br />15% with East – West and 23% with North – South orientations and also<br />, the researcher found that , the good orientation is the same even if<br />construction position variation , but the energy required for cooling<br />purpose is varied , maximum energy saving about 14% when the<br />construction position was replaced from Basra to al-moosel , and finally<br />, the researcher found also , the energy saving about 16.69% when<br />building materials were replaced from ordinary brick to thermoston brick<br />with thermal insulation material and is 34.3% when usage thermal<br />insulation material (5 cm thickness ) in roof.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26885_746368595475ec78504ef0ce543e6b04.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900261220081228دراسة تأثير اضافة كل من كاربيد السليكون وكاربيد البورون في سلوك الكلال لسبيكة (Al-Si-Mg)4844952688610.30684/etj.26.12.11ENJournal Article20081201The presnt research had dealt with preparation of bars with length of about (13Cm)<br />and a diameter of (1.5Cm) of composite material with metal matrix represented by<br />(Al-Si-Mg) cast reinforced by (SiC) or (B4C) particles with choosen weight<br />persentages (0.2,0.6,1%). The matrix alloy and the composite materials were<br />prepared by casting methode and using vortex technique in order to dispers<br />reinforced prticles in homogeneous way on the matrix alloy floor. In addition to<br />that, two main groups of composite materials, the first group included composite<br />material reinforced by (SiC) particles represented by the particle size<br />(30μm≥p.size≥0.1μm) while the second group included composite material<br />reinforced by (B4C) particles represented by the particle size<br />(25μm≥p.size≥0.1μm).<br />Concerning test that were made for the prepared models, they included fatigue test<br />to either matrix alloy and product composite material. The study contained the<br />effect of solution heat treatment at (520C ْ) for (1hr) and the following forming<br />process in addition to double aging process were made for the prepared model of<br />fatigue test and included the aging at (150C ْ) for (2hr) and then aging at (170C (ْ<br />during different periods.<br />Results of fatigue test showed an increase in fatigue resistance in addition to the<br />increase in reinforced particles that were added, but staying at higher values than<br />that in the matrix alloy, The effect of type for reinforced particles in this property<br />was noted, There was a specified increase in fatigue resistance of composite<br />material reinforced by (B4C) particles in comparasion with the reinforced by (SiC)<br />particles. Their values were more than in the matrix alloy.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26886_909bd2238c094f8a416e123fc86c38ba.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900261220081228دراسة تأثير دينامية الهواء على مقاطع مختلفة لفوهة محارق4965092688710.30684/etj.26.12.12ENJournal Article20081201Four type of burners of different rim shapes were made and tested.<br />The rims were of plane surface, plane surface insulated from all side by nitrogen gas, out side<br />sharp edge and inside sharp edge. Study of the effect of the ambient conditions on the<br />continuity and stability was carried out, in which open tip smooth flame, blow out , flash back<br />, close tip smooth flame , unsuitability polyhedral were carefully examined.<br />Design and installation of a whole combustion system, including nitrogen gas supply was<br />made.<br />The results show that the burner with plane surface rim insulated by most stable one. This is<br />because the idle gas separates the front of the flame from the ambient air, reducing the<br />aerodynamic effect on the flame and eliminating the polyhedral flame. The burner of outside<br />sharp edge has the maximum dead space, producing minimum flash back, dislike the burner<br />with inside sharp edge, which is the least stable due to rotation of the flame.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26887_9a7bf0eef4848f5f7056afdac4658097.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900261220081228النتردة كأسلوب لإطالة عمر الأجزاء المعرضة لتحميل كلال متغير5105232688810.30684/etj.26.12.13ENJournal Article20081201This study has aimed to illustrate the effect of one surface hardening method(<br />Nitriding) upon fatigue life time of medium carbon steel alloys . Therefore all<br />tests. concerning round bending of fatigue ,have been conducted at ordinary<br />laboratory circumstances , within amean stress , [ value = 0&stress ratio ,R = -1],<br />as stable and changing stress capacities , were forced in order to know the metal<br />resistance to these stresses under the different dynamic loading .There by to give<br />the safety life time of this metal , nitriding process (liquid & Gas ) was carried out<br />to the metal ,which contributed in improving the fatigue resistance , as the<br />improvement amount was based on the hardened depth , and the fatigue boundary ,<br />increases with nitriding layer depth . strength tests, micro and hardening were<br />carried out for the applied heat treatment circumstances ,because these tests are<br />considered to be as criteria and connected with revelant correlation , concerning<br />fatigue tests results .<br />Actually , micro structure examination has carried often before treatment ,<br />where as the micro structure was found before treatment [ ferrit & perlite ] while<br />nitrogen phases were observed to be high with a layer of crome iron nitrides on the<br />treated service with nitriding , that confirm the nitriding role in structural barriers<br />formation on the service , that acts on stopping towards the crack..<br />Consequently, the images of (SEM) , regarding the fracture service , have<br />declared a follow up images towards fatigue cracks . This crack is originated under<br />the thick hardened serface.Layer and developes , is a lease plastic region , as it was<br />detected that fatigue life time , increases when loading from (high – low ) at the<br />changing capacity of fatigue tests rather than( Low- High).https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26888_54fc021b31cf6d24fc9b7ae745aeb587.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900261220081228The effect of changing internal tube diameter on the performance of uniflow vortex tube5245342688910.30684/etj.26.12.14ENJournal Article20081201In this present work, the optimum design and performance of the uniflow<br />vortex tube used as a cooling and heating device of high efficiency is investigated experimentally. Great attempts to reach minimizing the uniflow vortex tube size with high separation energy are investigated.<br />The experimental investigation was carried out on a vortex tube rig especially<br />designed for the present study covering all tests. Experiments were carried out on<br />the vortex tube by fixing (L/D) at (20) for five tubes ,four of them are straight with<br />diameters (30,20,15and 10) and the last is diverge tube with angle(θ=1.72°) and<br />length(350mm),the cone angle is (θ= 30°),consequently the study of the energy<br />separation performance of five uniflow vortex tubes wer carried out.<br />The experimental results shows that the pronounced influence of the uniflow<br />vortex tube (D=20mm, L=400mm) on the energy separation performance at cone<br />valve diameter (dc=12mm), i.e the highest temperature of the hot air stream and<br />the lowest temperature. The cold air stream reaches (47.5Co) at (Y=0.812) &<br />(2.4Co) at (Y=0.313) respectively at the inlet air temperature (Ti=33Co).<br />The results of the uniflow vortex tube shows that increasing the isentropic<br />efficiency & coefficient of performance with increasing inlet air pressure within<br />the range (Piabs = 2-6 bar) which reaches ηise= 24% at Y=0.753 & COP=0.14 at<br />the same Y. Also the result shows that refrigeration capacity & efficiency of the<br />energy separation increasing with increase inlet air pressure & reaches Qr=1385<br />watt at Y=0.704 & ηe =34% at Y=0.323.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26889_334d274ec27d603d514b946048bbe2c4.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900261220081228Symbol as continuity tool in type – convention system5355482689010.30684/etj.26.12.15ENJournal Article20081201The research aims to declare the relationship between communication and<br />symbol architectural thoughtly construction in the within context of post modren<br />architecture for support research objects modernity . Symbol was very important<br />concept and many of thesis have declared and different about it because symbols<br />represented carrier components to civilizationary dimension and transportaring for<br />knowledge flow throughout ages and architecture one of main knowledge fields<br />which have basic and clear job in represent image any civilization and any identity<br />for any community and this what have decleared in form in theses of post modren<br />architecture which depend on the last trace and for decleare the importance of abasic<br />object research which was specailized by communication of symbol by depend<br />system ( the type – the convention ) .<br />The research came in three approach :- first aim decleare the importance of the<br />concept in different fields and it`s thearitical relations and finally What was about it<br />from contemporary architectural theses . second : aim to basicrelation ship of concept<br />with communication concepts to arrive basically of this relation ship third : aim<br />decleare symbol`s communication by depend concept of the type from throughout<br />decleare importance of post modren theses in crystallized a new symbolic typeis the<br />benefit from concept convention help in a conventional character on it for understand<br />and delling on content of this symbols and this which was doing main research goal<br />which specializes by study of relation ship between communication of symbolic types<br />and the benefit from convention to understand it and then final conclusions for the<br />research .https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26890_c6d9ea1bf548b9ec8be99534b8524db1.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900261220081228Study of Heat Transfer from a Sphere Body to Flowing Media143914502687610.30684/etj.26.12.1ENHassanain Ali JabberBalasim Ahmed AbidAbdullah Abbas KendoshJournal Article20081201In the present research the convective heat transfer from a hollow copper sphere<br />(10.2 cm in diameter) to air is studied at different temperatures of sphere surface.<br />The experiments were carried-out in an experimental channel (245 x 48 x 50 cm)<br />and the velocity of air was changed by varying the orientation of the gate of the<br />channel which has four levels. A fan of moderate capacity generates air into the<br />channel.<br />The sphere was heated by hot water at approximately constant wall at different<br />measured temperatures 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 0C and local heat transfer coefficients<br />were calculated. This process was done by placing ten thermocouples into the inner<br />surface of sphere. These thermocouples were connected to a digital reader which<br />gives the instantaneous temperature of a specified region. The thermocouples were<br />numbered and distributed in an equal angular displacement of 36 degrees.<br />The determination of heat transfer coefficient was done through two regions, the<br />first called the front region, which faces the fan, and the second called the wake or<br />backward region in which vortices were generated and built-up. A variance of<br />temperature was recognized between these two regions in such a way that front<br />heat transfer coefficient was higher than that for backward region.<br />The analysis of the present work is based on Reynolds number which is change<br />from 12894 to 33282 depends on the velocity of the used fan. The experimental<br />results of this study were compared with Kendoush analytical correlation (1995)<br />together with a number of certain other mathematical equations obtained from the<br />literature. It was found that this comparison was good especially at higher<br />temperatures.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26876_133c3c258646c8349889d1e7de4ccd42.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900261220081228Effect of Alcohol as Additives on the Morphology and Separation Performance of Polyethersulfone (PES) Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration Membranes145114602687710.30684/etj.26.12.2ENNajat J. SalehAmel AlhelalySamira N. AQusay AlsalhyJournal Article20081201Hollow fiber ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were prepared using Polyethersulfone<br />(PES), alcohol (n-Propanol) as additive and N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as a<br />solvent. Asymmetric hollow fiber UF membranes were spun by wet phase<br />inversion method from 17 wt% solids of PES/additive/NMP solutions. The alcohol<br />additive was n-Propanol while the external coagulant was water. Effects of n-<br />Propanol concentrations in the dope solution on morphology and separation<br />performance of PES hollow fiber UF membranes were investigated. UF<br />membranes were characterized in terms of scanning electron microscope (SEM)<br />while UF experiments were conducted using polyethylene glycol (PEG20,000MW)<br />and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP 40,000MW), as a solute. It was found that the PES<br />UF membrane morphology changed from long two finger-like structure through a<br />short two finger-like structure to the two void-like structure as n-propanol<br />concentration in the dope solution increased from 5 to 20 wt % using water as a<br />bore fluid; pure water permeation fluxes (PWP) increased from 47 to 201<br />L/m2.h.bar while rejections of PEG MW20,000 and PVP MW40,000 for wet-spun<br />PES hollow fiber membranes were decreased with increased of n-propanol<br />concentration up to 20%. Using above method, PES hollow fiber UF membrane<br />with high pure water permeation flux could be prepared while the molecular<br />weight cut-off of PES hollow fiber membranes is approximately 20,000.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26877_a4e05e4caf61fbe627d64e7f5577bf4b.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900261220081228Long -Term Deformation Of Some Gypseous Soils146114832687810.30684/etj.26.12.3ENMohammed Y. FattahYousif J. Al-ShakarchiJournal Article20081201Time-dependent deformation and stress relaxation in soils are important in a variety of<br />geotechnical problems where long-term behavior is of concern.<br />Previous studies on soils showed that the magnitude of delayed compression<br />(creep) is controlled by compressibility and soil sensitivity in addition to<br />preconsolidation.<br />In this paper, the time-dependent behavior of gypseous soils is investigated. The<br />soils used in this study were brought from three locations at Al-Tar region west of Al-<br />Najaf city in Iraq. These soils had gypsum content of (66%, 44% and 14.8%). The<br />mineralogical and chemical properties of the soils were determined.<br />Two series of tests were performed. In the first, collapsibility characteristics were<br />investigated for a long period (60 days) by conducting single and double oedometer<br />tests. In the second series, the effect of relative density on collapse with time was<br />investigated. The samples were compacted to 40%, 50% and 60% relative density and<br />then tested. The results of collapse tests showed that the relationship between the<br />strain and logarithm of effective stress has two vertical lines. The first one represents<br />the collapse settlement taking place within 24 hours, while the second one represents<br />the long-term collapse. The collapse potential in both single and double oedometer<br />tests increases when the gypsum content increases from (14.8%) to (66%) and when<br />the initial void ratio increases.<br />The results of double oedometer tests showed that the relationship between the<br />collapse potential and logarithm of time, for samples loaded to 800 kPa for 60 days,<br />consist of three distinct segments. The first segment is represented by a curve concave<br />downward in which the compressibility gradually increases. The second segment is a<br />straight line with a higher increase in the strain. The third segment which refers to<br />creep collapse depends on the gypsum content. Gypseous soil with low gypsum<br />content (14.8%) exhibited significant decrease (5.21% at 24 hours to 7.16% at 60 days)<br />in collapse potential with time.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26878_5b7ead2010bff00c107f11159b97c2c6.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900261220081228Fabrication and Characteristics Study Of CdO/Si Heterojunction148414912687910.30684/etj.26.12.4ENKhalid Z. YahiyaAmmar H. JareezeAmmar M. Al-BaldawiJournal Article20081201In the present paper CdO/Si heterojunction has been prepared by spray pyrolysis<br />method , electrical characteristics include I-V , C-V , were studied the build-inpotential<br />equal 1.7 eV and optoelectronic characteristics include I-V illumination<br />condition, photovoltaic, responsivity , quantum efficiency were studied . the<br />ideality factor to be 2.93 and short circuit photocurrent 170μA, open circuit<br />photovoltge 120mV at AM1 condition and two peaks responsivity were found ,<br />first peak at region 600±20nm this peak due to absorb of light in CdO through<br />band-to-band absorption while second region at 800±30nm which due to the Si<br />bandgap.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26879_d485210bc16da041afafdf221117ee3e.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900261220081228Optimum Design of Single-Phase Cascade Multilevel Inverter Using OHESW Technique149215072688010.30684/etj.26.12.5ENK. S. KrikorKhalid I. AlnaimiJamal A. MohammedJournal Article20081201The traditional two or three levels inverter does not completely eliminate<br />the unwanted harmonics in the output waveform. Therefore, using the<br />multilevel inverter as an alternative to traditional PWM inverters is<br />investigated.<br />This paper describes the Optimized Harmonic Elimination Stepped Waveform<br />OHESW technique to improve the output waveform quality of multilevel<br />inverter fed induction motor. A new method is presented where switching<br />angles are computed such that a desired fundamental sinusoidal voltage is<br />produced while at the same time certain higher order harmonics are eliminated.<br />The proposed method also is used to minimize the Total Harmonic Distortion<br />THD of the synthesized multilevel waveform. The THD is investigated over a<br />wide range of possible output control voltages and number of voltage levels<br />used to synthesize the output waveform.<br />Simulation results of a cascade multilevel inverter under OHESW technique<br />with 5- up to 15-levels are used to eliminate the (3rd-13th) harmonics.<br />A prototype single-phase cascade 7- level inverter loaded by single-phase<br />induction motor is investigated.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26880_f225afa9d3f7b61a81b29e363f82342e.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900261220081228Effect of Polypropylene Fibers on Properties of Mortar Containing Crushed Brick as Aggregate150815232688110.30684/etj.26.12.6ENShakir A. SalihMaha E. AL-AzaaweeJournal Article20081201More recently there has been a great attention towards converting waste<br />materials by- products into useful materials as aggregate in concrete industry.<br />It is thus aimed in this study to investigate the possibility of using waste brick<br />as suitable materials and alternative to the natural aggregate in the production<br />of lightweight mortar.<br />The essential objective of this work is to study the mechanical properties of<br />lightweight mortar containing different percentages of polypropylene fiber<br />with high range water reducing agent. The effective synergy of this admixture<br />on the properties of mortars is also investigated. Compressive strength,<br />splitting tensile strength, thermal conductivity and drying shrinkage tests were<br />conducted on reference and polypropylene fiber reinforced mortar specimens<br />at various ages of curing (7, 14, 28, 60 and 90 days) respectively.<br />The results show a significant increasing in splitting tensile strength with<br />the increment of fibers content. Although, a considerable reduction in<br />workability is recorded as increasing the fiber content. Which is controlled by<br />using high range water reducing admixture. All mixes show acceptable values<br />for thermal insulation with regards to ACI 213-87 thermal insulation<br />recommendations.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26881_a7ade3416c9a4044de7c36df6c56206f.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900261220081228Effect of Multi-Coats of Cutting Tools on Surface Roughness in Machining AISI 1045 Steel152315332688210.30684/etj.26.12.7ENMaan Aabid TawfiqJournal Article20081201In this study, orthogonal machining tests in dry turning method are performed on<br />(AISI 1045 St.), in order to examine the influences for the type and number of<br />coatings on surface roughness. The cutting tools used are (TiN, TiN/TiC, and<br />TiN/Al2O3/TiC); multiple layers coated cemented carbide inserts. The tests are<br />performed at five different cutting speeds (80, 112, 155, 220 and 300) m/min,<br />while the feed rates are kept to be (0.08, 0.11, 0.14, 0.16 and 0.2) mm/rev<br />respectively, at constant depth of cut and tool geometry. The results showed that<br />(TiN/TiC) coated cutting tools gave best results for surface finish compared with<br />TiN/Al2O3/TiC, TiN and uncoated tool, for all the selected machining conditions.<br />The experimental results showed that, when the cutting speed is increased from<br />(80-300)m/min and feed rate is reduced by (250%), the values of surface roughness<br />is decreased by: (20%) for uncoated tool insert ,(27%) for single coated layer insert<br />(TiN), (55%) for double coated layer insert (TiN/TiC) and (49%) for triple coated<br />layer insert (TiN/Al2O3/TiC).https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26882_3dbc75bf21b0e845898b3f563b3bcfac.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900261220081228FM Mode-Locking Fiber Laser153415492688310.30684/etj.26.12.8ENInmar N. GhaziWaleed Y. HusseinSalam Sami M. SalihJournal Article20081201In this paper the study of Frequency Modulation Harmonic Mode-locking for<br />Ytterbium Doped Fiber Laser is presented. The model studied, uses ytterbium-doped,<br />single mode fiber pumped by 976 nm laser source is used with 150 mW pumping<br />power to produce 1055 nm output laser and Frequency Modulation Harmonically<br />Mode-Locked by MZI optical modulator. The effect of both normal and anomalous<br />dispersion regimes on output pulses is investigated. Also, modulation frequency effect<br />on pulse parameters is investigated by driving the modulator into different frequencies<br />values.<br />This study shows the stability of working in anomalous dispersion regime and the<br />pulse compression effect is better than counterpart normal regime, due to the<br />combination effect<br />of both negative(Group velocity dispersion), GVD and nonlinearity. Also it shows the<br />great effect of modulation frequency on pulse parameters and stability of the system.<br />Model-locking fiber laser master equation is introduced, and using the assumed pulse<br />shapes for both dispersion regimes after modifying (Ginzburg-Landau equation), GLE<br />and by applying the moment method, a set of five ordinary differential equations are<br />introduced describing pulse parameters evolution during each roundtrip.To solve these<br />equations numerically using fourth- fifth order, Runge-Kutta method is performed<br />through MatLab 7.0 program.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26883_0459a5d17f46c8f856d3e6b152872c4e.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900261220081228Effect of Some Processing Parameters on Arc Sprayed Coating155015622688410.30684/etj.26.12.9ENAli Hussein AtaiwiJournal Article20081201In this work, arc spray coating of 13% Cr-steel (BS403S17) has been used in<br />repair of nodular cast iron journals. This study discusses the processing factors<br />effecting the roughness, hardness,and wear resistance of coating produced by<br />arc spraying. The studied factors are applied voltage, wire feed rate, spraying<br />distance (distance between gun nozzle and substrate) and coating thickness. All<br />coated samples were tested using pin on ring wear testing machine.<br />The final results showed that the best voltage in this application is between 28<br />and 30 V. With this voltage a reduction in wear rate of about 8% can be<br />obtained. The research reveals that the wear rate decreases by 46% with<br />increasing in wire feed rate from 68 to 122 mm/s and it is found that the best<br />spraying distance is about 10 to15 cm to get a good coating surfaces with<br />reduction by about 58% in wear rate. It is also approved that coating thickness<br />has positive effect on reducing wear rate by 43%.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_26884_979c9a419fb68f9b8fbe1371419c4ea3.pdf