University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Thermal Effects on Diesel Engine Piston and Piston Compression Rings144414543570610.30684/etj.27.8.1ENAhmed A. Al-BeirutiIsam EzzulddinyousifBasim M. Al-QuraishiJournal Article20090601This paper introduces an analytical study on the thermal effects on the diesel<br /> engine piston and its compresion rings during the contact between the piston and its<br /> compression rings .A three dimensional finite element model is built for the piston<br /> and its compression rings using the ANSYS v. 8 Finite Element Analysis Code<br /> that serves all engineering problems . The thermal analysis is made using contact<br /> case between the piston and its compression rings .The work in this paper did not<br /> include a convergence study.<br /> The study includes the effects on the piston and piston compression rings<br /> of the thermal conductivity of piston material , and the contact area .The conclusions<br /> of this study are that the material type of high thermal conductivity is considered better<br /> than the material type of low thermal conductivity. This means that the aluminum<br /> alloy is considered better than the cast-iron alloy, and tapering the compression rings<br /> from the inner side by 1 mm , leads to a reduction in the temperature values by<br /> 1.6% , 0.84% and 0.37% compared to rectangle compression rings.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_35706_6e599d589f98b16a1ddec43a558dd6aa.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601On Projective 3-Space145514593570710.30684/etj.27.8.2ENMohammed S.KirdarAmal S.Al-MukhtarJournal Article20090601The purpose of this work is to give some definitions and prove some theorems on<br />projective 3-space S=PG(3,K) over a field K.<br />Also, the principle of duality in S is given which state that any theorem true in the<br />projective 3-space concerned with the points, planes and the incidence relation, the same<br />theorem is true by interchanging "point" and "plane" whenever they occur, where as the<br />dual of a line is a line.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_35707_476f7f2547e56e07a4bb828d5f448fef.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Finite Element of Cutting Force in Turning Processes with Differently Coated Tools146014733570810.30684/etj.27.8.3ENAseel HamadZena JumaaJournal Article20090601The aim of this study is to create a FEM simulation model in order to obtain Numerical<br />solutions of cutting forces, for a range of coated tool materials and defined cutting<br />conditions. Commercial implicit finite element code MSC.Marc has been used in<br />simulations of orthogonal cutting processes performed by means of multi-coated tools. The<br />latter were equipped with progressively increasing number of thin layers including TiC, TiN<br />and Al2O3 films deposited onto ISO P20 carbide substrates. Results showing the tool–chip<br />interfacial friction influencing the force distribution fields, as the consequence of using<br />coated tools. The various force simulation results obtained were compared with the<br />measurements of cutting force and discussed in terms of literature data.<br />This paper also reports the procedure and specific modeling techniques for simulating<br />the orthogonal metal cutting process using a general-purpose finite element computer code.<br />The finding of this paper provides useful insights for understanding and for improving the<br />orthogonal metal cutting process. The predicted value of Fc is in good agrement with the<br />experimentally measured with an error of 8%https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_35708_d5250379b6045e1107190dff5350117e.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Environmental Study for the Oil Pollutants Treatment of Wadi Al Naft Water/Kirkuk147414843570910.30684/etj.27.8.4ENMuhannad J. Al-KazwiniFaris H. Al-AniMaysoun A. Al-NajarJournal Article20090601Wadi Al Naft is a narrow valley originates from the confluence of two tributaries<br />within the industrial region of (BaBa GurGur). The valley is being used to discharge the<br />oily wastewater from the North Oil Company (NOC) premises in addition to the natural<br />oil seepages within the industrial region. The oily wastewater is a polluting source to the<br />agricultural lands at Hawija district and further lands. The study included (111) samples<br />of oily wastewater from (13) sampling stations (9 on the first tributary and 3 on the<br />second tributary) along the course of Wadi Al Naft and its tributaries. The sampling<br />procedure was performed for a continuous period of seven months (Jan.2007-May2007),<br />in addition at selective seasonal periods during April and July. It was found that the oil<br />concentration plays a major role in polluting the wastewater discharged to the channel;<br />which was (44%) above the permissible standard.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_35709_47cd7c85e7fe6f23264b1b36c076ee5d.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams with a Small Amount of Web Reinforcement under Shear148514963571010.30684/etj.27.8.5ENThaer Jasim MohammedJournal Article20090601This research work presents a nonlinear finite element investigation on the<br />behavior of reinforced concrete beams with a small amount of web reinforcement under<br />shear. This investigation is carried out in order to get a better understanding of their<br />behavior throughout the entire loading history.<br />The three- dimensional 20-node brick elements are used to model the concrete, while<br />the reinforcing bars are modeled as axial members embedded within the concrete brick<br />elements. The compressive behavior of concrete is simulated by an elastic-plastic<br />work-hardening model followed by a perfectly plastic response, which terminated at<br />the onset of crushing. In tension, a fixed smeared crack model has been used.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_35710_8d1c7f9207059b115074a5ed86ed67f0.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Routing Optimization of Mobile Network System149715073571110.30684/etj.27.8.6ENThamir RashedEmad ShehabDalia KamalJournal Article20090601To send the packets from source to destination node on optimum route in mobile network,<br />the router must find the path with minimum cost. If intermediate node has fialed, the routing<br />table will be updated and the path should be changed depending on this failure.<br />In traditional protocols, the packet is sent on the path with minimum number of hops and<br />this path is not always optimum, therefore the router selects the path depending on<br />computing cost for each link and send the packets on path with minimum consumption<br />energy, maximum capacity or minimum delay. If there is failure node in the path or no,<br />computing the optimum path in minimum cost is more suitable and efficient than the path<br />with minimum number of hops. Dijkastra's algorithm is used to find optimum path and<br />depending on this algorithm, routing table will be built.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_35711_639ebcc6250d5448440f0d1c351768e6.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Bandwidth Efficiency Enhancement for OFDM System Using Hybrid Equalization Techniques150815183571210.30684/etj.27.8.7ENThamer M. JamelAli N. AbdullaJournal Article20090601The Cyclic prefixed OFDM systems are very robust to multipath, provided that the delay spread of the transmission channel is less than the length of the CP inserted between transmitted symbols. Moreover, appending CP to each OFDM symbol decreases the bandwidth efficiency of the OFDM system, since the CP does not carry useful information.<br />To maintain bandwidth efficiency, a time-domain equalizer (TEQ) and frequency-domain equalizer (FEQ) is used in the OFDM system to mitigate ISI and ICI when the CIR interval is larger than the CP interval. However, the performances of these two equalizers are<br />degraded under severe channel condition. So a proposed hybrid equalizer structure is suggested in this paper. The hybrid equalizer gives about 10dB, 5dB and 3dB advantages at 10-4 BER compared with OT-FEQ, TEQ and PTEQ respectively. This comparison at fd=50Hz with sufficient length of CP. Also, for this case but with an insufficient length of<br />CP, the hybrid equalizer gives about 8dB and 7dB advantage compared with both TEQ and PTEQ respectively. Moreover, at fd=100Hz with sufficient CP length, the hybrid equalizer gives about 6dB, 3.5dB and 3dB advantage at 10-4 BER compared with OT-FEQ, TEQ and<br />PTEQ respectively. Also, for this case but with an insufficient length of CP, the hybrid equalizer gives about 6dB and 4dB advantage compared with both TEQ and PTEQ respectively.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_35712_94a560cffe302b9a6524d4f78bea9780.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Analysis and Simulation of All-Optical Router for TDM-Based Optical Networks Using: NOLM151915313571310.30684/etj.27.8.8ENRaad S.FyathHassanain M. HassanJournal Article20090601The work in this paper addresses all-optical routers for TDM optical networks. The core of<br />the optical routers is the demultiplexer. In this paper all-optical router is analyzed and<br />simulated. It is based on a TDM demultiplexer employing Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirror<br />(NOLM). Expressions are derived for the transmission and reflection coefficients for the loop<br />mirror employed in the demultiplexer. The effect of various system impairments, on the<br />performance of the demultiplexer, such normal mode loss, control power, and losses, are<br />addressed in details. Simulation results were carried out using MATLAB 6.5 software. The<br />results indicate clearly that the demultiplexer should be designed precisely to achieve the<br />required router performance.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_35713_eaac2c800bc5bfd03b7a40cfa276fad0.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Effect of Deaeration on the Corrosion of Pure Aluminum and Its Three alloys in NaOH solution at pH=11153215433571410.30684/etj.27.8.9ENNaema A. HikmatAhlam M. FarhanRana A. MajedJournal Article20090601In this work, the corrosion behaviour of pure Al and its three alloys (Al-Cu-Mg, Al-<br />Mg, and Al-Zn-Mg) was studied in aerated and deaerated 1x10-3 mol.dm-3 NaOH<br />solutions to show the role of dissolved oxygen gas and its reduction at cathode. Also the<br />aim of this study was to obtain the corrosion parameters such as the corrosion potential<br />(Ecorr), corrosion current density (icorr), cathodic and anodic Tafel slopes (b), and<br />polarization resistance (Rp) besides the thermodynamic and kinetic functions were also<br />calculated (ÄG, ÄS, and ÄH) and (Ea and log A) to comparison these values in the<br />presence and absence of the oxygen.<br />From the general results for this study can be seen that the polarization resistances for<br />pure Al and its alloys were higher in deaerated solutions and the values of (ÄG) were<br />less spontaneous in deaerated solution, also the activation energy (energy barrier) was<br />higher in deaerated solution.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_35714_5be7f5f30ae34a164131e33e67621ecd.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Study on the Extraction of Some Metals from Ammonia Solution of Indian Sea Nodules by Using D2EHPA Reagent154415533571710.30684/etj.27.8.10ENSaad M. EliaJournal Article20090601The leaching characteristics of sea nodules of Indian Ocean were investigated by leaching of Cu, Ni, Co, and Zn using 0.5 M of the solvent D2EHPA in ammonia solution, and 10% Isodecanol in Kerosene. It was found that Zn recovery almost remained steady after the first contact, i.e (0.017 g/L) while the recovery of Cu, Ni and Co increased even after third contact and reached its maximum value i.e (0.82 Cu , 0.90 Ni , 0.296 Co ). Also the result had revealed that the best time of mixing aqueous solution of metals ions to be recovered was found to be 2min, while the recovery of metals ions decreases as the organic to aqueous ratio was increased from 1:1 to 4:1.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_35717_b5394e6cede3d18f1cb521622d28f859.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Sensitivity and Lower Limit Detection Determined of XRF for Copper and Zinc Suspended in lubricated Grease155415583615110.30684/etj.27.8.11ENAbdulhadi K. Judran AL-OgailiJournal Article20090601In this work different weight percent of copper and zinc powders of 20 ìm particle<br />size were blended carefully with grease , and the final weight of samples are 2 g . The<br />samples were placed in containers were made from tephlon of 2.5 cm as a diameter . The<br />bottom window of container was fitted with 6 ìm mylar film . The samples were<br />subjected to X- ray fluorescence to measure the Cu Ká and Zn Ká lines intensities .<br />Sensitivity (m) and Lower Limit Detection (LLD) were calculated and plotted against<br />the weight fraction for all samples .https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_36151_8248498e3634d5f1c4c67a37f78278a6.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Design & Simulation of PLC Control and Electro-Hydraulic System for a Punching Machine155915713615910.30684/etj.27.8.12ENMajid A. OleiwiAbdul Muhsin M. Al-TimimiAmmar AbdulhusseinJournal Article20090601Automatic control has become an important and integral part of modern<br />manufacturing and industrial processes .Automatic control provide means for attaining<br />optimal performance of dynamic systems, improve the quality and lower the cost of<br />production, expand the production rate, relive the drudgery of many routine, repetitive<br />manual operations, etc.. In this paper it has been designed a control system which<br />controlled the operation of punch machine .As shown in Fig. (1) this system consists of:<br />(1) the programmable logic controller (PLC) which is used to control time and regulate<br />the sequence. (2) The Hydraulic system receives and implements the logical commands<br />of PLC. (3) Electrical interfacing circuits which are very important to compromise in the<br />stages of system. In order to avoid mistakes of direct design and implementation in the<br />industrial and production processes and what follows from high material cost, therefore<br />Automation Studio Software has been used to design the hydraulic system according to<br />the required giving's by using Simulation software before the machine is fabricated, also<br />it is distinguished in the simplicity of using ,have a very good specification in design and<br />the ability of exposing the parts of the system in one screen and show the connection<br />between them ,this led to have expected programmable results.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_36159_8fe6d7ddee2624d45c33542f7fa66faa.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Spam Filtering at the Client E-mail Level157215813616310.30684/etj.27.8.13ENImad AL-HussainiMumtaz AL-MukhtarMohammed M. MazinJournal Article20090601Spam has now become a significant security issue and a massive drain on financial<br />resources. In this paper, a method for filtering the spam at the client level is presented.<br />The proposed filter combines more than one filtering mechanism that would make the<br />filter more efficient, faster and low false positive. The main mechanism implemented is<br />the Bayesian filter combined with a blacklist and whitelist. The header of the incoming<br />e-mail will be tested against the whitelist to determine whether the e-mail is legitimate or<br />not. Also it will be tested against the blacklist to determine whether the e-mail is spam or<br />not. In case of no matched results the e-mail will be checked by the Bayesian filter. The<br />results of this check will be then used to update the whitelist and blacklisthttps://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_36163_b9d44c086de25d8fba6525b9ebcf0dfb.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Dynamic Analysis of Al-Adhaim Zoned Earthdam158216103635110.30684/etj.27.8.14ENMohammed Y. FattahMaha H. NsaifJournal Article20090601Among external forces, the dam is subjected to earthquakes which are naturally or<br />artificially occurring and resulting in time-varying deflections, excess pore water pressure<br />and liquefaction at some zones in the dam.<br />In this paper, coupled dynamic analysis has been carried out on zoned earthdam<br />subjected to earthquake excitation in which displacements and pore water pressures are<br />calculated. The finite element method is used and the computer program QUAKE/W is<br />adopted for this task.<br />Al-Adhaim dam which is an earthdam located near the place of intersection of Tuz Jay<br />and the river Al-Adhaim is used as a case study. A parametric study was carried out to<br />investigate the effect of the maximum earthquake horizontal acceleration on the general<br />response of the dam.<br />It was found that as the maximum horizontal acceleration of the input motion increases,<br />both horizontal and vertical displacement increase. In all cases, the effect of the input ground<br />acceleration diminishes at time (60 sec.) from the time of earthquake shock. When the<br />maximum horizontal acceleration of the input motion increases from (0.05g) to (0.2g), the<br />horizontal acceleration predicted at a node located at the core base increases by about<br />(200 %) while the maximum effective stress increases by about (32 %).https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_36351_ab05120f3da50bd81b924340357fe623.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Buckling Analysis of Composite Laminated Plate with Cutouts161116213635310.30684/etj.27.8.15ENHani Aziz AmeenJournal Article20090601The determination of critical buckling load of composite plate is an<br />important factor in determining the structural stability, which was done by ANSYS<br />program and experimental investigation was carried out on many specimens of<br />composite material of E-glass fiber reinforced polyester plastic materials with<br />different no. of layers. Five cases are studied to show the effect of cutout’s<br />parameter on the structural stability in which the shape ( circle, square, rectangle),<br />size (20, 30, 50 ) mm, rounding corner (5, 7.5, 10)mm and orientation of cutouts<br />(0°,30°,45°,60°) are presented . Also the effect of plate thickness (no. of layer) is<br />studied .<br />In general , the results of the square clamped laminated plates with circle<br />cutout come out in a good agreement. Which is decrease of buckling load of the<br />plates with change the shape from circle, square and rectangle and in case of cutout<br />size. The critical load is still constant with the radii rounding corner and increased<br />with increasing the cutout orientation and the thickness of the plate. The effect of<br />cutout will determine the increase or decrease of the bucklinghttps://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_36353_712065f181946737688380dd6ec336c0.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Design of a Neural Networks Linearization for Temperature Measurement System Based on Different Thermocouples Sensors Types162216393635410.30684/etj.27.8.16ENAhmed Sabah Abdul Ameer Al-ArajiJournal Article20090601This paper describes an experimental method for the estimation of nonlinearity,<br />calibration and testing of the different types of thermocouples (J and K) using modified<br />Elman recurrent neural networks model based Back-Propagation Algorithms (BPA)<br />learning. Thermocouples sensors are nonlinear in behavior nature but require an output<br />that is linear. The linear behavior approximation is accepted, for a given accuracy level,<br />noise and measurement errors are always present. Therefore, neural networks techniques<br />are frequently required to minimize these effects. The problem of estimating the sensor’s<br />input–output characteristics is being increasingly tackled using software techniques such<br />as Turbo C++ language. A neural networks and a data acquisition parallel port interface<br />board with designed signal conditioning unit are used for data optimization and to collect<br />experimental data, respectively. After the successful training completion of the neural<br />networks, it is then used as a neural linearizer to calculate the temperature from the<br />thermocouple’s output voltagehttps://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_36354_d8775253f7593e69035b58296c400f18.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Effect Of Mixing Speed And Solution Temperature On Cathodic Protection Current Density Of Carbon Steel Using Magnesium As Sacrificial Anode164016533635710.30684/etj.27.8.17ENK. T. RashidJournal Article20090601In present work, The corrosion behavior of carbon steel in sodium chloride (NaCl)<br />solution with different concentrations was studied .Effects of mixing speed (0 to 2220) r.p.m<br />and the solution temperature (25, 35, 45, 55, 65)0c on cathodic protection current density were<br />studied, that would provide a full cathodic protection for tube metal specimen of carbon steel<br />immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution by sacrificial anode method using magnesium (Mg) as<br />sacrificial anode.<br />The results show that the concentration of sodium chloride in the electrolyte is an<br />important factor in determining corrosion rate, 3.5 % concentration of sodium chloride gives<br />maximum rate of corrosion. In addition, it has been found that the cathodic protection current<br />density showed sharp increasing with mixing speed. The results have showed also that the<br />cathodic protection current density increased with increasing the solution temperature and<br />shifts the protection potential to high negative value.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_36357_def5ae1054bf174cafc1972f69b8074f.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Interference Drag Between Cylindrical Particles in Stokes Flow165416583636110.30684/etj.27.8.18ENAbbas H. SulaymonSawsan A. M. MohammedJournal Article20090601In this study, the interference effects when two cylinders are placed in series or parallel in<br /> a low Reynolds number flow are predicted. For two cylinders with their line of centers<br /> perpendicular to the flow, the drag force is lower than an isolated cylinder at small gaps but<br /> is greater at large gaps; a maximum is found at a gap of approximately of 7 cylinder<br /> diameters. For cylinders with their line of centers parallel to the flow, the drag on the trailing<br /> body is less than the leading body, which in turn is less than the drag on an isolated cylinderhttps://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_36361_b191f91846eee77bdcd9aab45c8774e5.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690027820090601Effects of New Additives (Lanolin) on The Electro-Deposition of Copper Powder1659167236363https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.27.8.19ENSami I. JafarJournal Article20090601New organic compound (Lanolin) is added to the electrolyte of copper powder<br />deposition unit. The influences of the copper concentration, current density, and specific<br />surface on the apparent density of the produced powder had been studied. Also the mean<br />grain size of powder, mass of deposited powder are been calculated. The best<br />concentration of lanolin is 0.7% at which grain size deposits are smooth and fine (a<br />bout 93% less than 53 micron) and had high purity of 99.9%.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_36363_d6a2753d3064166343dc44f10732aa24.pdf