University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001Corrosion Protection of Heat Treated Carbon Steel Surfaces By Passivity in the Industrial Atmospheres101710294083710.30684/etj.28.20.20ENJournal Article20101001The object of this research is to study the passivity of surfaces of heat treated medium carbon steel (CK45) by annealing, spheroidise annealing, normalising, and water hardening. This research also studies corrosion resistance of corrosion protected samples by passivity in the industrial atmospheres for two periods (720 hr. and 1440 hr.).<br />The results, which have been obtained, show that the corrosion rates in the unprotected samples are high compared with the corrosion protected samples by passivity.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40837_4eaac62a4977e732c82495af2e1bb81a.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001Design Bragg Reflectors Consisting of Quarter-Wave Stack and Impedance Matching Concept600160094076810.30684/etj.28.20.1ENAdawiya J.HaidarKassim S.KassimGailan H. AbdullahJournal Article20101001The control of the group delay and group delay dispersion in the design of<br />chirped mirror is difficult. To reduce this difficult it is important to adopt what is<br />so called impedance matching design. This paper presents a design of quart wave<br />mirror which includes the impedance matching. The design is divided into two<br />stages. In the first stage a quarter waves stack to provide high reflectivity of<br />over a bandwidth of the design and within certain limits is considered.<br />The control on average group delay depends upon wavelengths that are function of<br />penetration depth. However, the group delay as a function of wavelength shows<br />periodic variations due to the impedance mismatch between the ambient medium<br />and the mirror surface and its layers. In the second stage of the design tapered<br />Bragg stack over a wavelength range (600-1100nm) is adopted as a single chirp.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40768_991938b90a7cebd547ee32e63900fd5a.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001Energy and Exergy Analysis of the Crude Oil Fractionation Units601060194076910.30684/etj.28.20.2ENMajed Yousif.KhamoAdel Sharif. HamadiJournal Article20101001The petroleum refining industry is one of the largest users of distillation<br />technology. The crude distillation unit is one of the most important refinery operations<br />fractionating preheated crude oil into respective product fractions like Heavy Naphtha,<br />Kerosene, Aviation Fuel, Light Gas Oil, Heavy Gas Oil, Reduced Crude Oil, etc. It<br />uses heat supplied at higher temperature levels, and rejects almost equal amount of<br />heat in the condenser at lower temperature levels yielding a separation work of<br />mixtures. Therefore, it becomes important to study the energy and exergy of the crude<br />oil fractionation tower to analysis the energy efficiency.<br />The present study deals with a thermodynamics analysis, energy and exergy<br />efficiencies and the irreversibility rate for of the crude oil fractionation tower (AFT).<br />The results shows that the total irreversibility losses are 90.7 MW, 95% are<br />contributed by the AFT, and 5% by the furnace, for a flow rate of 159.2 kg/s of crude<br />oil processed. The energy efficiencies are 0.597 for the AFT, 1.0 for the furnace as we<br />are assuming adiabatic heat transfer in the process and 0.704 for the overall system.<br />The exergy efficiencies are 0.5867 for the AFT, 0.974 for the furnace and 0.638 for<br />the overall system. From the values of the energy efficiencies, exergy efficiencies, and<br />the irreversibility rate in spite of the decline of the fractionation unit equipments, it<br />shows that the operating conditions used (especially the temperature profile and the<br />pressure profile of the AFT and the flow rates of the different streams) gives the best<br />results.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40769_d4d6e01e5191aeb19840ab1036993e6f.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001Environmental Site Assessment of Al-Daura Refinery - Evaluation of Soil Pollution with Petroleum Products602060344077110.30684/etj.28.20.3ENMahmoodM. BarbootiAdel Sharif HamadiAlia Abdul-RazzaqJinan HussainJournal Article20101001The environmental site assessment (ESA) of Al-Duara refinery in Baghdad, Iraq.<br />The hydrocarbon content of the soil around this site was measured to evaluate the<br />extent of the organic pollution depending on selected parameters of potential<br />pollution. Soil samples were collected at various depths from almost all locations<br />including: production units, storage tanks, the landfill lagoons at the outside boarder<br />of the refinery and the residence location. For the evaluation of the nature of soil<br />layers, a monitoring well was drilled in the vicinity of a wide dumping area for heavy<br />untreatable materials. Some field tests were carried out to evaluate the hydrocarbonin-<br />soil (Turbidimetric); Laboratory analysis for the soil extracts and types of<br />hydrocarbon pollutants. The soil texture was evaluated using the standard methods to<br />assess any future remediation efforts. It appeared that storage tanks location is among<br />the serious polluting sources via leakage or overflow of the drainage collection<br />channels. The pollution sometimes extended deep in the soil, 80-100 cm. The<br />maintenance and rehabilitation operations contribute much pollution by heavy sludge<br />containing hydrocarbons, mud and inorganic matter. Most of the pollution load is<br />directed towards the wastewater treatment plant. The dumping location and over more<br />than 30 years resulted in deep penetration of hydrocarbons so that the location is<br />considered the most effective source of pollution. Finally, the fall out is a major<br />means of pollution of remote area within the site by heavy hydrocarbons.<br />Recommendations for remediation of the most polluted locations in the site were<br />listed at the end of this study. However, the company is continuously doing actions to<br />remove polluted soil and replace it with clean soil.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40771_adfb283aa02cb5fab97093c5d8809344.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001Distributed Generation Embedded In the Iraqi Power Grid603560494077210.30684/etj.28.20.4ENQais Matti AliasWael A. JaafarJournal Article20101001Recently, there has been great interest in the integration of distributed<br />generation units at the distribution level. This requires new analysis tools for<br />understanding system performance. Installing Distribution Generation (DG) in<br />the distribution level has positive impacts on the system voltage profile as well on<br />the substation’ s capacity. However the extent of such benefits depends greatly of<br />the DG size and location.<br />In this work, investigation of adding diesel units regarded as distributed<br />generators at the distribution voltage levels were done. These investigations dealt<br />with the impact of the units addition on the Iraqi grid power flow and short circuit<br />levels . This work is done by using PSS/E program (Power System Simulation for<br />Engineering), A sample from substations (with fuel and space availability ) of the<br />Baghdad area were considered for the diesel units addition, in order to find<br />recommendations for the voltage level to connect these units to it.<br />The extension in mind was to develop a quick rule of thumb in order to decide<br />where to add the DG units. This of course with no regard to the unit size as it is<br />limited by the Short Circuit Level (SCL) and economic considerations. IEEEstandard<br />systems were considered here with the development of Matlab routines<br />for the simulation and calculations required.<br />A novel quick criterion as where to add the distributed generation to minimize<br />loss was proved. This state’s “add the units at the lowest short circuit level bus,<br />i.e., at the bus of highest Thevenin impedance”.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40772_e90f5e2b86b4336c906601598894805c.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001An Adaptive Fuzzy Inference System for 3-Phase Synchronous Generator Excitation Control605060604077310.30684/etj.28.20.5ENFadhil A. HassanLina J. RashadFatma H. FarisJournal Article20101001This paper proposes the excitation system control of three phase<br />synchronous generator for improving the step response using an adaptive fuzzy<br />controller. The dynamic model and simulation of 3-phase synchronous generator<br />are proposed. The open loop voltage control responses under no-load and full-load<br />conditions are proposed too. The PI closed loop controller of excitation system is<br />illustrated as a conventional control method, which gives an acceptable operation<br />behavior of synchronous generator terminal voltage. An adaptive fuzzy inference<br />system is proposed in this paper as a close loop controller, which gives an ideal<br />performance in both of no-load and full-load conditions as compared with PI<br />controller to control the 3-phase synchronous generator excitation system.<br />Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy controller schem.e<br />Which gives in fuzzy controller; rise time= 0.3 sec., overshot= 0%, settling time=<br />0.3 sec., and steady state error= 0%. Whereas, in PI controller; rise time= 0.55<br />sec., overshot= 20%, settling time= 2.8 sec., and steady state error= 0%.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40773_1bcd8f79e0bdf89c381df287d6abc26f.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001The Optical and Structural Properties of ZnO Films Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis606160734077410.30684/etj.28.20.6ENShatha Shammon Batros JamilJournal Article20101001Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film have been prepared by Spray Pyrolysis technique using zinc acetate dehydrate dissolved in methanol, ethanol and deionized water. A number of techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical transmission microscope (OTM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-visible were used to characterize and<br />study the obtained ZnO thin films. The evolution of preferred crystalline orientation in the ZnO films was systematically investigated and the (002) reflection was the preferred orientation. The optical measurement reveal that films have a maximum transmittance of about 90% and a direct band gap of 3.2 eV.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40774_52fcf4fef22bfad0aa38ad6c6fea1dec.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001Modeling the Effect of Operation Temperature on Characteristics of Rosen Type Piezoelectric Transformer607460834077510.30684/etj.28.20.7ENNabil N. RammoRajaa R. AbbasTalib R. AbbasInmar N. GhaziJournal Article20101001A simplified lumped model that makes direct correlation between Rosen's<br />piezoelectric transformer (PT) dimensions and material properties via equivalent<br />circuit parameters was studied. The model calculation of the resonance<br />characteristics and voltage gain was associated with changes in operating<br />temperatures from 50°C to 70°C. It is found that for different load resistors, the<br />resonance frequencies are shifted by less than 1.6% their normal values upon<br />raising the operation temperature to 70°C, whereas the sensitivity of voltage gain<br />is better at higher load resistors.<br />Each of the elastic compliances SE<br />11, SE<br />33 and SD<br />33 of the PT material due to their<br />temperature dependency cause the resonance frequency to shift below and above<br />the normal value by less than 1% for very slight change in voltage gain in each<br />case. The overall balance between mechanical parameters may play role in the<br />optimum stability of the voltage gain.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40775_1f5e4c67c56750dfbf5d64d1441acb76.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001New Approach for Modifying DES Algorithm Using 4-States Multi-keys608460904080510.30684/etj.28.20.8ENRehab F. HassanJournal Article20101001Within the last decade, there has been a vast increase in the accumulation<br />and communication of digital computer data in both the private and public sectors.<br />Much of this information has a significant value, either directly or indirectly, which<br />requires protection. One of the most important protection methods is inventing and<br />developing different encryption algorithms. The algorithms uniquely define the<br />mathematical steps required to transform data into a cryptographic cipher and also<br />to transform the cipher back to the original form.<br />This paper introduces a new method to enhance the performance of the<br />Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm. This is done by replacing the<br />predefined XOR operation applied during the 16 round of the standard algorithm<br />by a new operation depends on using two keys, each key consists of a combination<br />of 4 states (0, 1, 2, 3) instead of the ordinary 2 state key (0, 1). This replacement<br />adds a new level of protection strength and more robustness to breaking methods.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40805_9d0a4114ea3dbd702a019fa9705285b3.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001Modeling and Dynamic Performance Analysis of PMBLDC Motor609161074080810.30684/etj.28.20.9ENJamal A. MohammedJournal Article20101001Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PMBLDC) motors are one of the electrical<br />drives that are rapidly gaining popularity, due to their high efficiency, good dynamic<br />response, high mechanical power density, simplicity, cost effectiveness and low<br />maintenance.<br />In this paper, the state-space technique is presented and used for analyzing the<br />dynamic performance of PMBLDC motor. The method is based on the formulation of<br />state equations from the mathematical model of the motor and conversion of them into<br />a set of linear algebraic equations by the use of trapezoidal rule of integration. The<br />simulation of the motor has been done using the software package Matlab.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40808_5571147cb208e8447937e128c16e740a.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001Bernstein Polynomials Solving One Dimensional Delay Volterra Integro Differential Equations610861144081110.30684/etj.28.20.10ENShymaa Hussain SalihJournal Article20101001The main purpose of this paper lies briefly in submitting least square<br />method for solving linear delay Volterra integro differential equation of the second kind containing three types (Retarded,Neutral and mixed)with the aid Bernstein polynomials as basis functions to compute the approximated solutions of delay volterra intgro differential equations .Three examples are given for determining the results of this method.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40811_45a735a9e304344714a7bab7df6623ca.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001Optimization Conditions for Preparation Of Polyvinyl Alcohol- Alumina Gel Composite and its Properties611561274081410.30684/etj.28.20.11ENRaghad U.AbassMaterials Engineering Department, University of Technology / BaghdadJournal Article20101001A preparation of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/alumina (Al 2O3) gel<br />composite was investigated.<br />This type of composite gel was carried out with two stages firstly the<br />hydrolysis of polyvinyl alcohol in a hot water at 200ºC for 2 hours and different<br />mixing ratio of (PVA/H2O) solution at (10,20,30,40,50) wt% has been<br />investigated to check its operating conditions .Secondly different ratios of alumina<br />refractory were used (5,10,15,20,25) wt% of (AL2O3 /PVA) at 350ºC for 4 hours<br />to give a completes composite gel of ( PVA/Al2O3) in a polymerization stage.<br />The final composite gel of (Al2O3/PVA) is molded in a different shapes<br />and size due to suitable characteristics tests in order to check chemical, thermal,<br />and mechanical properties afterward curing these specimens at 120ºCfor 2 hours<br />to complete the compatibility of composite gel.<br />The results tests proved that: All final composite gel specimen is more<br />efficient than other base polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) of high mechanical and thermal<br />properties than base one with less internal stresses, also the resistance for chemical<br />solutions in (100%H2O, 10%H2SO4) is increased at sever conditions at 50ºC for<br />5 days especially for optimum mixing ratio specimen No.3 with preference for<br />optimum sample No.3 of (30%PVA Sol./15% Al2O3) g/g.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40814_0529cbefa7733d1067c29ca31e622694.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001Data Acquisition of TiO2 for Optical Material by using Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Technique612861394081810.30684/etj.28.20.12ENAsad Sabih Mohammad RaoufJournal Article20101001An Ellipsometric experimental set up of SOPRA ES4G type with a powerful<br />WVASE software for the theoretical calculus of the Ellipsometry parameters. The<br />Ellipsometry Technique can determine amplitude and phase information Ψ( and Δ)<br />dependent on wavelength range 250 nm to 900 nm (1.5 - 5 eV), including original<br />practical solutions, were developed. Encouraging results of TiO2 were obtained in<br />applying the simple Ellipsometric method of azimuths to determine the optical<br />constants for TiO2 with this optoelectronic device.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40818_777c482a00fab7aac4132ed74be0f212.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001A Theoretical Study of the Dynamical Behavior of SQW GaAs/AlGaAs Laser614061484082010.30684/etj.28.20.13ENAzhar I. HassanJournal Article20101001In this work, the peak modal gain and the radiative and Nonradiative<br />current densities for Single Quantum Well (SQW) GaAs/AlGaAs laser are studied theoretically with varying the well widths Lz=(200, 150, 100, and 75) Ǻ, at a bandgap discontinuity ΔEc of 0.1 eV, it was found that the highest value of the peak modal gain gmax=400 cm-1 is achieved at Lz=75 Ǻ, and the lower value to achieve transparency Ntr=0.5×1018 cm-3 at Lz=200 Ǻ .The optimum value for QW width to achieve the lower threshold current density Jth=481.5 A/cm2 at the same injected carrier density is Lz=100 Ǻ.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40820_a1126234b1e1229117f041b704df1fac.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001Histological and Functional study of white male mice testes and kidney treated with Tecrium Polium aqueous extract614961574082110.30684/etj.28.20.14ENWasnaa Hatif MohammedJournal Article20101001The oral administration of the aqueous extract of Teucrium polium to a<br />mature male mice in daily oral doses of 50 mg/kg body weight (group II) and 100<br />mg/kg body weight (group III) for eight consecutive weeks were resulted in<br />significant increase (P<0.05) in the testicular weight in the treated groups in<br />comparison with control. The aqueous extract affected the spermatogenesis which<br />demonstrated by an increase in leydig cell, spermatogonia, spermatocytes and<br />spermatozoa. The hormonal profile was influenced by the aqueous extract. The<br />testosterone level was significantly increased (P<0.05) in the treated groups, but<br />no significant differences (P>0.05) in urea and uric acid levels between control<br />and the treated groups were shown. The kidneys of the group III were affected and<br />showed degenerative changes and necrosis in nucleolus of cell of tubules and there<br />is destruction in glumerular by increscent of mesenchymal cells.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40821_9e188d5cfa75f5218f138fb55e156877.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001Removal of Copper Ions From Wastewater By Multi Stage Flotation615861704082410.30684/etj.28.20.15ENNeran K. IbrahimTagreed LNagham A.AgeenaJournal Article20101001Removal of heavy metals from wastewater is of primary importance<br />because they are not only causing contamination of water bodies but are also toxic to many life forms. One potential application of ion flotation is to treat large volumes of dilute aqueous waste solutions contaminated by heavy metals ions. Cupric ions have been removed from dilute aqueous solutions, in acidic conditions, using MULTI-STAGE LOOP FLOTATION (MSTLFLO) column. The column consists of three stages of 70 cm long and 10 cm outside diameter. The total height of the column is 2.25 m. Three draft tubes are used inside the column each of 50<br />cm long. The results indicated that MSTLFLO is an effective process for the removal of Cu+2 ions from aqueous solutions. As high as 94% of the cupric ions were removed at air superficial velocity of 2.3 cm/s (equivalent to air rate of 50 l/min.) and 20ppm frother concentration in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a collector. An empirical correlation representing the relationship between the overall removal efficiency, the superficial air velocity and the concentration of the frother was proposedhttps://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40824_003e540f34668d960b1a8952e3bb910e.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001Parameterization Techniques for Quadratic Continuous Optimal Control Problems617161814082610.30684/etj.28.20.16ENSaba S. HasanFalah A. KhalafJabbar A. EleiwyJournal Article20101001The main purpose of this work is to propose the parameterization techniques for solving quadratic optimal control (OC) problem with aid of both Chebyshev and Hermite Polynomials as a basis function to find the approximate solution for OC problem. Some examples are given as applications of the proposed.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40826_e79410eb92aa92a862094d8779520029.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001Approximate Solution For Multi Dimensional Delay Fredholm Integro Partial Differential Equation By Using B.Spline Polynomials618261874082810.30684/etj.28.20.17ENShymaa Hussain SalihJournal Article20101001The main purpose of this work is to devote B.spline with two variables<br />as basis functions to find approximate solution of Multi dimensional delay<br />fredholm integro partial differential equations .Three numerical examples are given for determining the results of this method.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40828_9a5a9bc8ba537eb613d329f93931d123.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001Detect And Locate Buried Pipes Using Ground Penetration Radar618862004083110.30684/etj.28.20.18ENAhmed Fouad NashaitJournal Article20101001Data collection using traditional methods for detecting and mapping<br />subsurface features can be need more time consuming and costly. Beside that the<br />geological research project and Job cost estimating require accurate information<br />about subsurface condition. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) can map and detect<br />bedrock, buried objects (pipes, cables, etc), water table, soil profile, faults, voids<br />and sinkholes quickly, easily, accurately, and cost effectively. The accurate<br />location of buried utilities is imperative for contractors. Hitting a high voltage<br />power line or water main con be dangerous, disruptive to citizens, as well as<br />expensive.<br />The main objective of this research is to introduce utility of using GPR in<br />locate features such as buried tanks and pipes, locating underground pipes for<br />efficient pipes system management and for avoiding damage during excavation<br />have become a relevant issue in metropolitan areas.<br />Gathering data inside the boundary of the University of Technology with<br />the area approximately equal to (4320 m2), data processing using RAD<br />EXPLORAR software with the helping of Geographic Information System (GIS)<br />and Global Positioning System (GPS) to produce a GIS map have been carried<br />out. The discussion of the result is included with the basic recommendation.https://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40831_d35105e2a82e388e701eb1bbba22eac9.pdfUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900282020101001Development of Low Cost Filter Banks for Audio Applications620162144083510.30684/etj.28.20.19ENSaad H. AbdulrazaqJournal Article20101001An approach for low cost uniform and octave filter banks for Audio applications<br />is proposed. The analysis stages of these filterbanks are based on IIR allpass second<br />order sections with modified response. The modification is performed by forcing<br />phase non-linearity at the analysis stage to be out of region of interest. By<br />oversampling, the non-linear segments near the band edges are removed through<br />subsequent synthesis filtering. Compared to existing literature designs, the new<br />approach offers a substantial lowering in computational power, and a lower<br />input/output delay.The simulation and testing of this technique was performed using<br />MATLAB software packagehttps://etj.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_40835_5f0b5da3ccc4bb24ab3c64ab87777c7f.pdf