University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101The Collision Model Between A Single Particle And A Spherical Cap Bubble In A Water Medium1162689210.30684/etj.28.1.1ENAmer A. Abdul RahmanJournal Article20100101A mechanistic model is developed to account for the collision between a<br />single particle and a single bubble in a liquid medium. Based on the model, two<br />penetration criteria are established under which the particle is predicted to<br />penetrate through the bubble if any of the two criteria is satisfied. It is shown that<br />the particle penetration is only a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for bubble<br />disintegration in the case of single particle-single bubble collision. The penetrated<br />bubble is shown to deform into a doughnut shape and the subsequent bubble<br />breakage is made through the necking mechanism of the doughnut-shape bubble.<br />Bubble disintegration occurs only if the penetrating particle has a diameter greater<br />than the height of the doughnut-shape bubble. The column is constructed of<br />Plexiglas with an internal diameter 10 cm and a height of 180 cm. Experiments<br />are also performed for single particle-single bubble collision in water, using three<br />different particles (2 mm, 3 mm glass beads and 3*3 mm PVC cylinder) with<br />Reynolds no. and Weber no. are (953, 1512 and 840) and (5.68, 9.45 and 5)<br />respectively . Two markedly different collision phenomena are observed. A small<br />and/or light particle is unable to penetrate through the bubble and is ejected after<br />collision. A medium particle can penetrate through the bubble but may not break<br />the bubble. The two phenomena are all well predicted by the proposed model.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101Investigatvon of The Effect of The Inflection Point of Stream Line Dwevagin1122691210.30684/etj.28.1.17ENJournal Article20100101The effect of the inflection point of die profile has been investigated for<br />dies designed according to the streamline concept, dies designed with different<br />inflection point have been adopted (0.25 , 0.5 , 0.75 ) from the original length of<br />die, under the axismmetric condition with reduction of area (%40), under<br />frictionless condition, with pass length (20 mm).A special (F.E.M) cod (Ansys 5.4)<br />has been applied for analysis.The results in this study shows that the position of<br />inflection point effectual on extrusion load and the strain distribution, and the<br />inflection point at which the extrusion load is minimum and more homogenous<br />strain distribution lies in middle of die (i.e at 0.5 L).University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101Influence of Technological Evolution On Formal Structure of High – Rise Buildings13292691310.30684/etj.28.1.18ENJournal Article20100101Architectural design has been influenced by the great technological evolution in<br />the world . Architects and construction engineers began to use the newest available<br />technologies in designing and implementing architectural products , especially in<br />high – rise buildings , which depends basically on technology of all branches (i.e.<br />style , construction and information) . The research problem is defined as (lack of<br />oriented comprehensive , practical and ideological studies of the technological evolution<br />influence on formal structure of high – rise buildings) .<br />The research aims at (diagnosing the effect of technology , as a basic variable , to<br />show the distinct formal composition of high – rise buildings) . To fulfill this aim ,<br />the research depends , in its theoretical part , on defining the most active and influential<br />variables effecting formal structure of high – rise buildings . In the practical<br />part , the research aims at revealing the application scope of the theoretical<br />framework by using qualitative measurement , describing and analyzing the influence<br />and its implementation in four projects selected as practical samples . At last ,<br />the research presents conclusions and recommendations for both theoretical and<br />practical levels.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Determination of Vanadium, Nickel And Lead In Hydrocarbon Polluted Soils17282689310.30684/etj.28.1.2ENBashar H. QasimMais A. MohammedMahmood M. BarbootiJournal Article20100101The present work is a part of a project on the environmental site assessment of<br />a local petroleum refinery to evaluate the extent of pollution of the site with focus<br />on selected places of potential pollution. Soil samples were collected at various<br />depths from almost all locations including: production units, storage tanks, the<br />landfill lagoons at the outside boarder of the refinery and the residence location.<br />The analyses of vanadium, nickel and lead were carried out on extracts of the soil<br />samples made by five different dilute solutions of acetic acid, nitric acid, calcium<br />chloride, EDTA. The nature of the solvent is a determining factor in the efficiency<br />of transport of heavy metals from the soil into the solution. All of the<br />measurements were conducted by graphite furnace atomic absorption<br />spectrophotometry.<br />It was concluded that heavy metals are available even for the weakest extracting<br />solvent. This was an indication on the nature of the V, Ni and Pb, where they are<br />in inorganic forms due to the degradation by the microorganisms of the soil and<br />aided by dozens of raining seasons and severe hot summers of Iraq. However the<br />soil keeps some of the heavy metals in the original organo-metallic nature which<br />resulted in only partial extraction of these metals with the solutions employed.<br />Thus, the danger from these metals is limited due to their insolubility in water.<br />The range of vanadium detected in the various extracts is ; for nickel, the range<br />was and for lead the concentration range was . The V contents were in the range of<br />0.01 – 0.37 mg/Kg. The Ni content ranged between 0.06 and 4.5 mg/Kg. The<br />range of Pb contents obtained was in the range of 0.025 – 22.5 mg/Kg. The V and<br />Ni concentrations at the deep soil samples were less than that of the surface<br />samples in most locations. Meanwhile, the penetration of lead contamination<br />seems easier than V and Ni.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101Synthesis And Biological Activity Studies of Some Novel Metal Complexes Derivate From 2-(2-Imino-1- Methylimidazolidin-4-Ylidene) Hydrazinecarbothioamide29422689410.30684/etj.28.1.3ENAli A. JuwaiedAhmed Abdulamier Hussain AlamieryJournal Article201001012-(2-imino-1-methylimidazolidin-4-ylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide react<br />with chlorides of Cr(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) to yield metal ion complexes of<br />definite composition. These compounds were characterized by elemental analyses,<br />magnetic susceptibility measurements, UV-visible, 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectral<br />investigations. The ligand was studied by using of theoretical method (Simi<br />empirical AMI module in the CS ChemOffice molecular modeling package) by<br />calculation of heat of formation, bond length, bond angle and dihedral angle. The<br />stability for the prepared complexes was studied theoretically by the Density<br />Function Theory (DFT). The free ligand and their metal complexes have been<br />tested in vitro against a number of micro-organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, E.<br />coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella pneumoniae), in order to<br />assess their antimicrobial activities. The ligand and its complexes showed<br />considerable activity against all bacteria.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101Spectroscopic Study of benzene molecular30362691510.30684/etj.28.1.19ENJournal Article20100101The mid Infrared, Near infrared, visible, and Ultra-violet spectra of Benzene<br />molecule have been studied. Since Benzene molecule belongs to D6h point group,<br />with very high symmetry elements, therefore it may be expected for its external<br />vibrations to be either infrared or Raman active only. The mid infrared spectrum of<br />the molecule shows only the active infrared fundamental and combination bands.<br />However no overtone bands have been detected within this region because of its<br />symmetry. The ultra -violet region shows cut off starting at (350 nm) due to<br />d d* and π π* electronic transitions. However no absorption has been<br />observed within visible region (400-800)nm, which is confirmed since pure benzene<br />liquid has no color.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101Principles of aluminium-recycling industry in iraq37452691710.30684/etj.28.1.20ENJournal Article20100101Aluminium and its alloys are considered as the most important in the series of low<br />density materials which have different industrial applications to justify the need for<br />low density suitable for advanced technology. As a result of increasing the cost of<br />metals and their alloys during the last years, there were critical needs to get the<br />engineering materials from their scraps; especially for aluminium alloys which have<br />low melting temperatures. It is world wide known that 40% of the total production of<br />high quality aluminium and its alloys from their scraps which need low energy around<br />90% less than that required for production aluminium from ore.<br />In this study, different scraps of aluminium and its alloys (wrought and casting) were<br />determined. These alloys were collected from scraps of work shops, industry, ingots,<br />used cans, used home appliance and equipments. It was found that there are no<br />information regarding these scraps from industrial and environmental representatives.<br />In order to obtain new products from these scraps, it requires knowing the quality of<br />them. In spite of importance of this industry, it still a traditional and applied without<br />any scientific or technological aspects.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101Synthesis And Characterization of Novel Functionalized Tetradentate Ligand Type H3NS3 And Its Metal Complexes With Re(V), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) & Hg(II)43532689510.30684/etj.28.1.4ENKanan M. TawfiqMohamad J. Al-JebooriMatheel D. Al-SabtiJournal Article20100101This work represents the preparation of the tetradentate ligand H3NS3 (H3L) and<br />its metal complexes with rhenium(V), nickle(II), copper(II), cadmium(II) and<br />mercurry(II) metal ions. The ligand and its complexes were characterized when needed<br />by Infrared, Ultraviolet–visible, HPLC, Mass, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and<br />atomic absorption spectroscopic techniques, elemental analysis, and electrical<br />conductivity. The proposed structure for (H3NS3) with Re(V) is square pyramidal, with<br />Ni(II) is distorted square planar, and with the rest of metal ions is distorted tetrahedralUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101Demulsifiers for Simulated Basrah Crude Oil54642689610.30684/etj.28.1.5ENAdel Sharif HamadiAdel Sharif HamadiJournal Article20100101Water in oil emulsion occurs at many stages in the production and treatment of<br />crude oil. In the present work three demulsifiers were used (RP6000, Chimec2439 and<br />PAA) for dehydration (desalting) of Al-Basrah water in oil emulsion. The<br />experimental work was performed under constant temperature 65oC and water content<br />30%vol. (3%wt.NaCl). The parameters studied: demulsifier dose (10, 20, 30,<br />40,50,60,70 and 80) ppm, separation time (5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120) min and types<br />of demulsifiers (RP6000 Chimec2439 and PAA). The dehydration efficiency with<br />prepared demulsifier (PAA) was (75%). Two types of commercial demulifiers were<br />also used (RP6000 and Chimec2439), which gave water separation efficiency (87.5%<br />and 72.2%), respectively. pH, Salt content, remains of water content and density were<br />estimated. The least density of the desalted crude obtained was (0.874 gm/cm3) at (80)<br />ppm of RP6000.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101Predictive Modeling of Surface Roughness Of Centered And Un-Centered Workpiece Lengths In Turning Operation65712689710.30684/etj.28.1.6ENAbdullah H. SingalFarhad M. KushnawAli Abbar KhleifJournal Article20100101The attempt of the present study has addressed an area that has been relatively<br />neglected in the past researches. This area focuses on studying and analysis the effect<br />of different centered and un-centered workpiece lengths, using turning machine<br />tailstock, on the products surface roughness, and then collecting data to generate an<br />experimental charts and equations for the prediction modeling of surface roughness<br />and increasing productivity for many turned products. These charts and equations<br />could be serving as a quick indication for manufacturers to avoid pre-chatter conditions<br />and the trial and error methods, and consequently reduce the required experience in<br />this field. So, the applicable range of workpiece lengths can be safely extended from<br />10 mm to 60 mm bars with 10 mm in diameter, and from 10 to 75 mm bars with 20<br />mm in diameter. This range could be increasing as bar diameter increasing and vise<br />versa.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101A New Text Steganography Method By Using Non-Printing Unicode Characters72832689810.30684/etj.28.1.7ENAkbas E. AliJournal Article20100101One of the methods used in security areas is steganography. Steganography is the art<br />and science of hiding information by embedding messages within cover media without<br />attracting attention. the cover media can be text, image, video or audio files. Text<br />steganography is more difficult than others due to the difficulty in finding redundant<br />information in text file. This paper presents a new idea for text steganography by using<br />Unicode standard characters, (which have the non-printing properties) to encode the<br />letters of English language and embedding the secret message letter by letter into the<br />cover-text.<br />This method has high hiding capacity, it can hide (K+1) letters in a text with K<br />characters and it does not make any apparent changes in the original text. So it satisfies<br />perceptual transparency.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101Study of Factors Affecting on Formability of Stainless Steel Alloys841022689910.30684/etj.28.1.8ENMath Ahmed AbdulallahHassan Baker RahmetallahSamier Ali AlrbiiJournal Article20100101Factors affecting on formability of austenitic stainless steel AISI321 and two<br />duplex stainless steels GOST A917, and SAF2205, have been studied in the asreceived<br />condition at different strain rates, testing temperatures, and directions.<br />The mechanical properties obtained from tensile testing (strength, ductility, strain<br />hardening index, and strain rate sensitivity), have been chosen as criteria to detect<br />the formability. The values of these criteria are compared with stretching behavior<br />obtained from Olsen test (peak height, maximum stretching force, and total work<br />done). Strain hardening index, elongation, and tensile: yield ratio, were found<br />good criteria which represent formability. Results from tensile and stretching tests<br />of these alloys in the as-received condition, showed that the austenitic stainless<br />steel had the best formability due to its higher ductility and work hardenability.<br />Formability was found to be dependent on strain rate, testing temperature, and<br />rolling direction due to the anisotropy. Stretching tests for the three alloys in the<br />as-received condition, showed that 321 austenitic stainless steel had higher (hvalue)<br />, followed by 2205 duplex. Lubrication was found to improve formability<br />by increasing the (h-value) for the three alloys.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101Behavior of Short Span Composite Beams Strengthened with CFRP Strips1031182690010.30684/etj.28.1.9ENAhmed F. KadhumJian YangSabih Z. Al-SarrafJournal Article20100101The experimental program in this paper is divided into two groups: the first<br />one consists of seven composite beams; six of them were strengthened with one<br />and two CFRP strips and with three different percentages of full beam length<br />(40%, 60%, and 100%). The second group consists of five composite beams<br />strengthened at the face of the bottom flange with CFRP strips fastened to the steel<br />section by steel bolts with two different length proportion of CFRP strips to beam<br />soffit (60%, and 100%).<br />The analytical investigation included the use of three dimensional<br />nonlinear finite elements to model the performance of the composite beams using<br />(ANSYS 8.0) computer program.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101Removal of Heavy Metals From Waste Water By Date Palm Tree Wastes1191252690110.30684/etj.28.1.10ENLayla A. A. AhmedJournal Article20100101Wastes of the Iraqi date palm tree was used to study removal of heavy metal<br />cations ( Cu+2, Cd+2& Zn+2) from simulated artificial waste water using batch<br />adsorption process.<br />The dried parts of the date palm wastes, were grinded to ≤1mm in size and used<br />directly in different adsorbent / metal ion ratios, starting with metal ion<br />concentration of (1000ppm).<br />Influence of contact time, initial metal ion concentration, and adsorbent loading<br />weight, on removal percentage were investigated; experiments were carried out at<br />room temperature. 25Co and pH value of (5-6).<br />Date palm wastes succeeded to achieve 90% removal for Cu+2 ions, 57.5% for Cd+2<br />ions & 37.5% for Zn+2 ions within (60 min) contact time at adsorbent loading ratio<br />of 30 g/l. Removal values for mixed ions were lower due to competition<br />&interaction between ions, (80% Cu+2, 51% Cd+2 & 33% Zn+2 )University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101Design and Implementation of A Software Protection System Against Software Piracy By Using Cryptographic Techniques1261482690210.30684/etj.28.1.11ENZainab M. FadhelAlia Karim Abdul HassanJournal Article20100101Software Piracy becomes a major problem with the fast and vast growth in the use<br />of the internet, and the new computer technologies is aided in increasing software<br />piracy. In this work, a software protection system against piracy is proposed. This<br />proposed system uses standard techniques to ease these difficulties such as Zero<br />knowledge proof, Improved RSA, MD5, and Triple DES. The proposed system use a<br />proposed method to protect all the system files, and a proposed algorithm to generate<br />software Copy Identification Number called (ICN). The implemented system where a<br />software application hashes hardware serial numbers to generate a unique Installation<br />ID. This Installation ID is sent to the manufacturer to verify the authenticity of the<br />application and to ensure that the product is not being used for multiple installationsUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101Effect of Construction Sequence and Soil Nonlinearity On The Behavior of Sheet Pile Walls1491632690310.30684/etj.28.1.12ENMohammad Faiq AswadYasir Khalil AlkubaisyKais Taha ShlashJournal Article20100101This study deals with assessing the behavior of a sheet pile wall by estimating<br />the stresses and displacements of the sheet pile wall and surrounding soil throughout<br />the different construction stages. The finite element method is used to carry out a<br />comparison study to assess the effect of the soil nonlinearity on the behavior of sheet<br />pile wall. The nonlinear hyperbolic model is used to represent both the soil and<br />interface behavior of soil-sheet pile wall system.<br />The analysis of sheet pile wall was carried out using a nonlinear incremental<br />stress dependent finite element computer program capable of simulating the different<br />construction stages of the system. It was found that increasing excavation depth<br />reduces both active and passive pressures below that calculated by Rankine theory and<br />that shear stresses concentrate around sheet pile wall and increase with increasing<br />excavation depth. It also noticed that adopting nonlinear soil properties leads to a more<br />economical design of the sheet pile walls.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101Using Remote Sensing and Gis Technique to Study Soil Physical Properties for Hour Al-Hammar (South of Iraq)1641802690410.30684/etj.28.1.13ENAbdul Razzak T. ZiboonAseel AbbasJournal Article20100101This paper includes the digital image processing (image enhancement and the<br />digital classification techniques) using ERDAS, ver.,8.7, package for Landsat 7<br />(ETM+), 3-visible bands with resolution (14.25m), acquired in March 2004 .<br />The field investigation includes GPS surveying, which coincides with the<br />reports of the laboratory tests (physical tests), which include soil classification test<br />(according to the unified soil classification system (USCS), for certain locations),<br />and spectral measurements by using radiometer instrument.<br />The main results of this study show that the selected visible bands in the<br />digital visual interpretation process are considered an optimum means to sense the<br />soil types. It is found that the study region soil has high content of the fine soil<br />texture (clay and silt). Therefore, the digital map of unsupervised classification<br />gives good presentation of some of the main landcover classes and merges the<br />others, whereas the supervised classification gives good presentation of the main<br />landcover classes with overall accuracy equal to (99.7%).University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101Coding Implementation By Using Discrete Wavelet Transform1811982690510.30684/etj.28.1.14ENMatheel Emad AL-Deen AL-DargazliMatheel Emad AL-Deen AL-DargazliJournal Article20100101Image processing can be considered as an essential part of wide range<br />computer applications. This application deals with image coding and it discusses<br />image coding schemes, by using transforms to code the image or not. Huffman<br />coding and Run Length coding are not using transforms to code the image,<br />moreover, threshold coding and Zonal coding use transforms to code the image.<br />Two types of transforms, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet<br />Transform (DWT) have been used after segmenting the image into blocks, and<br />then Zonal coding algorithm or threshold coding algorithm is used to get the coded<br />image. Finally we conclude that using wavelet transform is better than other<br />transforms when it is used for image coding.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101The Application of Neural Network on The Contingency Analysis of Iraqi Super Grid Network1992132690810.30684/etj.28.1.15ENMuthanna Abdulkareem HasanAfaneen Anwar Al-KhazragyJournal Article20100101Many of the problems that occur on electrical power system can cause serious<br />trouble with in such a quick time period that the operator (in control room) could not<br />take action fast enough. This is often the case with cascading failures. Because of this<br />aspect of power system operation, modern operation computers are equipped with<br />contingency analysis programs that model possible system troubles before they arise.<br />Therefore, this work has developed an Artificial Neural Network technique to alarm<br />the operators in control room to any outage in power system elements (Generating<br />unit or Transmission line) depending upon the results of AC load flow after each<br />separation in these elements.<br />The aim of this work is to improve the database system of Iraqi Control Centers<br />by adopting the facility of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique to identify<br />the transmission line or the generation unit separate’s in the electrical network. The<br />work comprises four major parts which are; the development of the load flow<br />program using Newton-Raphson Method, building the structure of Neural Network<br />program (Radial Basis Function Neural Network), the engagement between the two<br />programs, and the development of Visualization Technique for presenting the results<br />via using Matlab language (Version 6.5). After the Engagement between the<br />Visualization and other programs, the network under consideration (Iraqi Super Grid<br />Network 400Kv) was studied and analyzed.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-690028120100101Reliability and Effectiveness of the Differential Transformation Method for Solving Linear and Non-Linear Fourth order Boundary Value Problems2142232690910.30684/etj.28.1.16ENAfar MohamadAnwar JaJournal Article20100101In this paper, differential transformation method is applied to construct analytic<br />solutions of the boundary value problems for linear and non-linear 4th order nonhomogenous<br />differential equations. The differential transformation method is<br />tested using three physical model problems. Results are presented in tables and<br />figures. It was appeared in comparing results of the differential transformation<br />method with Rung- Kutta , and RK-Butcher solutions that the differential<br />transformation method is more reliable and effective in solving linear and nonlinear<br />differential equations.