University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501Studying the Physical Properties of System (Al-BuC) Composite4854942747410.30684/etj.28.10.19ENJournal Article20100501The aim of this research is studying some physical properties (bulk density,<br />apparent density, apparent porosity percentage, water absorption percentage) for<br />metal matrix composite material. Aluminum matrix consists boron carbide particles<br />as a reinforced phase. Different percents (0%, 2%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) of (B4C)<br />have been used. powder technology process is used for preparing the specimens,<br />the results shows that the bulk and apparent density decrease, apparent porosity<br />percentage and water absorption percentage were increasing as percentage of (B4C)<br />particles increase.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501Effect of Rapid Thermal Annealing on CuO Thin Film Prepared by PLD4955072747610.30684/etj.28.10.20ENJournal Article20100501In this study, thin films of CuO were deposited on glass substrates using<br />thermal laser evaporation technique. The structure characterization of the film was<br />carried out with XRD. The results of XRD show that all samples have a<br />polycrystalline .The optical measurements on the deposited films were performed<br />to determine the transmission spectrum and the absorption coefficient as a<br />function of incident wave length. Then from the optical parameters, extinction<br />coefficient, dielectric constant with two part real and imaginary part, value and<br />type of energy gap, type of the dominant absorption processes, real and complex<br />refractive index as functions of incident photon energy, were determined. The<br />energy gap is found to be equal to 1.8 eV for CuO that is direct transfer . This<br />results is agree to the results given by other researchers. Then thin films annealed<br />thermal rapid by using halogen lamp .The annealing influence very much to thin<br />film by addition an enhancement to the thin filmsUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501Effect of Sintering Temperature on Some Physical And Mechanical Properties of Fabricated Hydroxyapatite Used For Hard Tissue Healing188018922744110.30684/etj.28.10.1ENKahtan Khalaf Al-KhazrajiWaleed Asim HannaPayman Suhbat AhmedJournal Article20100501This work focuses on studying the role of drying and calcination on<br />stiochiometry and crystallinity of deposited HA. Also, studying the effect of sintering<br />temperature on phases generated, physical and mechanical properties of sintered HA<br />powder compact at a range of (800-1200) ˚C.<br />Both Ca/P ratio and crystallinity were increased after calcination, where the Ca/P<br />ratio raised from 1.7 to 1.9 and the height of Hydroxyapatite peak intensity was also<br />increased .Secondary phases also appeared.<br />X-ray diffraction patterns and electrical microscopic pictures of polished surfaces<br />of the Hydroxyapatite compact after sintering had revealed the process of<br />densification and crystallization of Hydroxyapatite . The increase of sintering<br />temperature leads to grain growth, while surface cracking and other defects became<br />lower i.e. porosity and surface voids.<br />Both hardness and fracture strength were increased for samples sintered at high<br />temperatures where they reached their maximum values at sintering temperature<br />(1200)ºC .The maximum linear shrinkage was 20% at sintering temperature 1200ºC.<br />The maximum bulk density was (2.173) g/cm3 at sintering temperature of 1200ºC<br />and the maximum apparent density was (2.58) g/cm3 at sintering temperature 900ºC.<br />The maximum apparent and open porosities were 47.136% and 47.058% respectively<br />at sintering temperature 900ºC. The maximum water absorption was 39.13% at<br />sintering temperature 800ºC.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501Least Squares Method For Solving Integral Equations With Multiple Time Lags189318992744210.30684/etj.28.10.2ENSuha N. ShehabHayat Adel AliHala Mohammed YaseenJournal Article20100501The main purpose of this work is to propose an approximate method to solve<br />integral equation with multiple time lags (IEMTL) namely least squares method<br />with aid of Chebyshev polynomials of (first, second, third, and fourth)kinds.<br />Example is given as an application of least squares method with aid of four kinds<br />of Chebyshev polynomials.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501Flow Zones In Unsaturated Soil Due To Barometric Pumping190019092744510.30684/etj.28.10.3ENTalib R. AbbasMuhammad A.Abdul-MajeedInmar N.GhaziJournal Article20100501The study of gas flow in unsaturated soil is important for better modeling of<br />volatile organic compounds (VOCs) transport. A gas flow in unsaturated soil can be<br />induced naturally by the atmospheric pressure fluctuation. Oscillations in barometric<br />pressure are both diurnal, corresponding to daily heating and cooling of the<br />atmosphere, and of longer time periods, resulting from the passage of weather fronts.<br />Daily variations will average about 4 to 5 mbar while those due to weather front<br />passage can be 25 mbar or more.<br />A one-dimensional conceptual model was used to investigate the advective<br />gas flow zones in the subsurface induced by the natural atmospheric pressure<br />fluctuation. From analytical solution, it is clear that the gas phase inside unsaturated<br />zone moves with sinusoidal velocity whose amplitude decrease with depth. Two zones<br />can be distinguished. First in which the gas phase can reach the soil surface and<br />continuously mixed with clean air. The depth "Penetration Depth" of this zone may<br />range from 0.05m to 0.8m. Second is "Oscillation Zone" in which the air oscillates<br />around its original position but still remains in the soil. Maximum air displacement<br />toward the upper boundary may reach 0.24m when the depth of the lower<br />impermeable boundary is 10m. This displacement is more as the lower impermeable<br />boundary is deeper. The mixing of air above penetration depth with clean air above<br />soil surface and the oscillation of air below penetration depth may have a significant<br />effect on natural VOCs transport and fate in the soil region within these depths.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of High Strength Lightweight Concrete Beams191019232744610.30684/etj.28.10.4ENFarked Kais IbrahimJournal Article20100501This research work presents a nonlinear finite element investigation on the<br />behavior of lightweight reinforced concrete beams. This investigation is carried<br />out in order to get a better understanding of their behavior throughout the entire<br />loading history.<br />The three-dimensional 20-node brick elements are used to model the<br />concrete, while the reinforcing bars are modeled as axial members embedded<br />within the concrete brick elements. The compressive behavior of concrete is<br />simulated by an elastic-plastic work-hardening model followed by a perfectly<br />plastic response, which terminated at the onset of crushing. In tension, a fixed<br />smeared crack model has been used .The effect of some important parameters<br />(ƒ'c , rw ,a/d) have been investigated to study their influence on the predicted loaddeflection<br />curvesUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501The Artin's Exponent of A Special Linear Group SL(2,2k)192419332744910.30684/etj.28.10.5ENMohammed Serdar I.KirdarLemia Abd Alameer HadiJournal Article20100501The set of all n×n non singular matrices over the field F form a group under<br />the operation of matrix multiplication, This group is called the general linear group<br />of dimension n over the field F, denoted by GL(n,F) .<br />The subgroup from this group is called the special linear group denoted by SL(n,F).<br />We take n=2 and F=2k where k natural, k>1. Thus we have SL (2,2k).<br />Our work in this thesis is to find the Artin's exponent from the cyclic subgroups of<br />these groups and the character table of it's.<br />Then we have that: a SL(2,2k ) is equal to 2k-1 .University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501Power Control of Series-Parallel Resonant Inverter For Induction Heating Using Buck Converter193419592745010.30684/etj.28.10.6ENTurki K. HassanEnaam A. AliJournal Article20100501The purpose of this work is to study, analyze, and design a half-bridge seriesparallel<br />resonant inverter for induction heating applications. A pulse width modulation<br />(PWM)-based double integral sliding mode voltage controlled buck converter is<br />proposed for control the induction heating power. This type of controller is used in<br />order to obtain very small steady state error, stable and fast dynamic response, and<br />robustness against variations in the line voltage and converter parameters. A small<br />induction heating coil is designed and constructed. A carbon steel (C45) cylindrical<br />billet is used as a load. The induction heating load parameters (RL and LL) are<br />measured at the resonant frequency of 85 kHz. The parameters of the resonant circuit<br />are chosen for operation at resonant. The inverter is operated at unity power factor by<br />phased locked loop (PLL) control irrespective of load variations, with maximum<br />current gain, and practically no voltage spikes in the switching devices at turn-off,<br />therefore no snubber circuit is used for operation at unity power factor. A power<br />MOSFET transistor is used as a switching device for buck converter and the IGBT<br />transistor is used as a switching device for the inverter. A complete designed system is<br />simulated using Matlab/Simulink. All the electronic control circuits are designed and<br />implemented. The practical results are compared with simulation results to verify the<br />proposed induction heating system. A close agreement between simulation and<br />practical results is noticed and a good performance is achieved.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501Diffusivity of water in Unplasticised PVC196019662745110.30684/etj.28.10.7ENAwham M.HZaid Ghanem M. SalihJournal Article20100501The current study concerns an investigation of diffusion mechanism of<br />different kinds of water into thermoplastic material (type unplasticised PVC,<br />(UPVC)) that is often used as pipes for healthy draining purposes and other<br />services.<br />After preparation of samples from this material, they were immersed in glass<br />containers which contain (sea water, river water, rain water, distilled water, and<br />tap water), the weights of these samples are measured at periodic time of soaking.<br />The aim of this work is introducing an idea about the diffusion behavior and the<br />penetration of water through the material under study, then, the values of diffusion<br />coefficient (Dx) are evaluated for each type of water mentioned above.<br />After comparing the obtained results from these tests, it is found that the distilled<br />water has the higher value of (DX) into the (UPVC) material, it is followed by the<br />sea water and then the rainwater, while each of the river and tap water record the<br />lowest values.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501Proposal of New Block Cipher Algorithm196719812745210.30684/etj.28.10.8ENHilal Hadi SalihAhmed Tariq SadiqAlaa K. FarhanJournal Article20100501Speed and complexity are two important properties in the block cipher.<br />The block length of the block cipher controls these two aspects. The speed<br />limitation enforces the designer to build block cipher system as hardware<br />prototype. In the same manner, the key complexity aspect acts as increasing the<br />block length, which will cause the increasing of complexity. In this paper, a<br />proposed block cipher algorithm will be presented. Which includes non-linear<br />function with new random key generators to generate all keys and a new approach<br />for S-box is used in this algorithm.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501Effect of Uv Radiation on Dielectric Constant And Thermal Conductivity In Epoxy Phenol Blends198219902745410.30684/etj.28.10.9ENEmad S. AL-HassaniJournal Article20100501Epoxy-phenol system were prepared and studied before and after reinforcing with<br />glass fibers (woven roven 0ο-90ο direction) with volume fraction (vf = 48%). The<br />samples irradiated with uv radiation with wave length (λ= 320 nm), irradiation energy<br />(1.5 watt/ cm2) for 50 hours. The dielectric constant and thermal conductivity<br />measured for all samples before and after irradiation with uv radiation. The results<br />showed that the increasing percentage of phenolic resin in the blends decreasing the<br />dielectric constant and thermal conductivity of all samples before and after irradiation<br />with uv radiation. While the results before irradiation showed the effect of glass fibers<br />in increasing the dielectric constant and thermal conductivity. Finally the results<br />showed that the dielectric constant decreased, thermal conductivity increased for all<br />samples after irradiation with uv radiation.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501Effect of Chemical Treatment on The Some Electrical And Thermal Properties For Unsaturated Polyester Composites Using Banana Fibers199119962745510.30684/etj.28.10.10ENRafah A. NassifJournal Article20100501This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the chemical<br />treatment of banana fibers on the physical properties of composites. Banana fibers<br />were treated with 10% sodium hydroxide and some physical tests were carried out<br />like: dielectric strength, dielectric constant, and thermal conductivity. The results<br />were compared with untreated fibers composites and virgin unsaturated polyester.<br />The results showed that the chemical treatment improved the dielectric strength<br />and thermal conductivity by about 29.37% and 139% respectively compared with<br />untreated fiber composites. Finally, the dielectric constant value of the treated<br />fiber composite was found to be lower than the untreated fiber composite and<br />virgin unsaturated polyester.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501Effect of Heat Treatment on Changes In The Crystalline Domains In Mylar Film199720042745910.30684/etj.28.10.11ENN. N. RammoM. Abd-Sattar MohammedA. H. Abd Al-RazakJournal Article20100501Changes in the crystalline domains caused by heat treating Mylar films<br />between Tg to 240 oC have been studied by Fourier Transform Infrared<br />spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Prior to glass transition temperature, shrinkage in the film is insignificant, but progresses rather abruptly as melting point is approached bringing the smooth film surface to rather wrinkle.<br />The absorbance increase in the FTIR spectra is due to the thickened film caused by shrinking rather than the improvement in the crystalline orientation. XRD on the other hand show that heat treatment of the film near melting point only reduces the contribution of the crystalline domains in the direction [100] in favor of other direction namely rather than on the account of loosing order in favor of the amorphous regions.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501New Technique For Reducing Symmetry Mapping In Colored FIC Based on Moments Features200520142746010.30684/etj.28.10.12ENAbdul-Monem S.RahmaRaheem A. S. UglaJournal Article20100501This paper studded the effect of symmetry mapping process on the<br />compression parameters of the fractal color image compression by moment<br />features was studded. Feature of moment utilized to reduction the symmetry mapping from 8 to only one. The operation of reduction is achieved by using predictor to symmetry mappings; the predictor will predict specific symmetry mapping according a specific feature of moments to one of eight. Such that eight versions (blocks) are produced for each domain block, so this case needs 8 mappings and it requires more computational time. Our suggestion will directly reduce the encoding time 1:8 times.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501Studying The Dielectric and Structural Properties of Baxsr1-Xtio3 (BST) Ferroelectric System Prepared by Using Oxalic Acid Route201520262746310.30684/etj.28.10.13ENSabah M. Ali RidhaRawa A. HelalJournal Article20100501BaxSr1-xTiO3 (BST) ferroelectric nano, poly crystalline systems were<br />processed with three concentrations (x = 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9) using a technique known<br />as oxalic acid route. The XRD spectra were analyzed, and used Scherer formula to<br />estimate the crystallite size of the products, which reached to 15.4 nm at x = 0.5. It<br />is found that increasing of Sr+2 cations help to decrease the crystallite size of<br />BaxSr1-xTiO3 system and the tetragonality c/a increases when the crystallite size<br />increases. In physical tests we conclude that the oxalic acid method is a good<br />method to prepare a BST ferroelectric phase with high density (5.05, 5.5 and 5.45)<br />gm/cm3, and small porosity (16, 8, and11) % for (x = 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9)<br />respectively.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501A Study of Chaotic Behavior of Heat Transfer In Gas-Solid Fluidized Bed202720422746410.30684/etj.28.10.14ENE Al-RubeaiJamal ManeNabeel Majid AliwiJournal Article20100501Fluidized beds are characterized by high heat transfer rates between the<br />bed and internal surfaces and have uniform temperature distribution that can be<br />achieved in fluidized bed systems. In the same time there is a chaotic behavior of<br />hydrodynamic and heat transfer in gas-solid fluidized bed.<br />Experimental work was carried out in gas-solid (air – sand) fluidized bed to<br />investigate the steady state heat transfer coefficient. The bed column used was<br />(172) mm in diameter and (1000) mm height, fitted with immersed cylindrical<br />heating element of (25.4) mm in diameter. The fluidizing medium was air flowing<br />at different velocities from fixed bed to fluidized bed of (0.006-0.078)m/s, and<br />three different sizes of fine sand particles were used (i.e. 63, 112, and 145 μm),<br />these average particles diameters were estimated by two methods (Wide and<br />Narrow Range Solids).<br />A comparison have been done with values of the minimum fluidizing velocity that<br />calculated analytically, empirical, and which got experimentally. The results show<br />a chaotic behavior of hydrodynamic gas-solid fluidized bed.<br />The heat transfer coefficient and the bed viodage increase with increasing gas<br />fluidizing velocity and the heat transfer coefficient decreases with an increase in<br />particle diameter.<br />Two empirical correlations are proposed which can calculate wide range solids and<br />narrow range solids based on experimental data. The Nusselt number presented<br />with some dimensionless groups as follows:-<br />For Wide Range Solids Nu = 0.81Re0.94 Pr0.35<br />Where the correlation coefficient (R) was equal to (0.92) and the average absolute<br />relative error was (12.62 %).<br />For Narrow Range Solids Nu = 0.45Re0.65 Pr0.33<br />Where the correlation coefficient (R) was equal to (0.86) and the average absolute<br />relative error was (24.2 %).University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501A Multiband Fractal Dipole Antenna for Wireless Communication Applications204320532746710.30684/etj.28.10.15ENJawad K. AliEssam M. Abdul-BakiMahir H. HammedJournal Article20100501mmunication applications. The proposed fractal antenna design is based on<br />fractal geometry of the second level tent function transformation. Due to the<br />resulting geometrical structures of a fractal tent function curve depend on the<br />starting angles of the initial tent function, many dipole antennas have been<br />modeled and the corresponding radiation characteristics have been evaluated.<br />Theoretical performance of these antennas has been calculated using the method<br />of moments (MoM) electromagnetic simulator, IE3D. Simulation results of many<br />tent fractal dipole antennas which have been modeled show that all of these<br />antennas have multiband resonate behavior, but this resonate behavior is different<br />according to the starting angle for each antenna. The results have shown that these<br />antennas have acceptable performance for VSWR ≤ 2 (return loss ≤ -10 dB),<br />using a 50W feed line, at most of the resonating frequencies. This feature provides<br />antenna designer with more degree of freedom, and makes the proposed antenna<br />(or its monopole counterpart) suitable for use in the modern multi-functions<br />communication systemsUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501Numerical Simulation of Buoyancy- Driven Laminar Flow Through An Air –Filled Isosceles Triangular Enclosure With A Differentially Heated Side Walls And An Adiabatic Bottom Wall205420692746910.30684/etj.28.10.16ENAhmed Kadhim HusseinSalam Hadi HussainJournal Article20100501Thermal And Flow Fields Due To Laminar Free Convection In An Isosceles<br />Triangular Enclosure Having Thick Conducting Sidewalls Have Been Investigated<br />Computationally. Inclined Left And Right Side Walls Are Maintained At<br />Isothermal Hot And Cold Temperatures Respectively While The Bottom Wall Is<br />Considered Adiabatic. Problem Has Been Analyzed And The Non-Dimensional<br />Governing Equations Are Solved Using Finite Volume Approach And Employing<br />More Nodes At The Fluid–Solid Interface. Triangular Enclosure Is Assumed To<br />Be Filled With An Air With A Prandtl Number Of 0.7. Rayleigh Number Varies<br />From 103 To 106 Where The Flow And Thermal Fields Are Computed For Various<br />Rayleigh Numbers. Consequently, It Was Observed That The Stream Function<br />And Temperature Contours Strongly Change With High Rayleigh Number. The<br />Streamline And Isotherm Plots And The Variations Of The Average Nusselt<br />Number At The Hot Left And The Cold Right Side Walls Are Also Presented. The<br />Results Explained A Good Agreement With Another Published Results.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501Removal of Cadmium(II) Onto Granular Activated Carbon And Kaolinite Using Batch Adsorption207020802747110.30684/etj.28.10.17ENJenan A. Al-NajarRamzy S. HZaydoon M. SJournal Article20100501The removal of Cd(II) onto granular activated carbon (GAC) and kaolinite in single<br />component systems has been studied using batch adsorption. Batch adsorption studied were<br />carried out under various amount of GAC and Kaolinite, Cd(II) ion concentration, pH and<br />contact time. The experimental data was analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-<br />Peterson isotherms. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of Cd(II) was determined from<br />Langmuir isotherm equation and found to be 3.002 mg/g for GAC and 1.837 mg/g for<br />kaolinite. Pore diffusion model for batch adsorption is used to predict the concentrationdecay<br />curve for adsorption of Cd(II) onto GAC and kaolinite.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281020100501Quantum Simulated Annealing Algorithm208120902747310.30684/etj.28.10.18ENRana Fareed GhaniJournal Article20100501Simulated annealing (SA) has been considered as a good tool for search<br />and optimization problems which represent the abstraction of obtaining the<br />crystalline structure through a physical process. This algorithm works sequentially<br />that the current state will produce only one next state. That will make the search to<br />be slower and the important drawback is that the search may fall in local minimum<br />which represent the best solution in only part of the solution space. In this work<br />we present the transformation of Simulated Annealing algorithm into quantum<br />version which will be called Quantum Simulated Annealing (QSA). This<br />algorithm will overcome the drawbacks of slowness and local minimum falling by<br />produce as much as possible of the neighbor states and work on in parallel by<br />exploiting the massive parallelism feature in quantum computation. The results<br />show that QSA can find the optimal path in smaller number of iterations than the<br />sequential simulated annealing algorithm and the time complexity of QSA is<br />better than any other parallel simulated annealing algorithm.