University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Evaluating Test Image Quality as a Function of illumation5715832771310.30684/etj.28.12.18ENJournal Article20100601The optical imaging systems, do not give a perfect and ideal image. But<br />mostly give images with limited resolutions i.e. give images with blur edges. This<br />blurring attributed to two main reasons. The diffraction of light and Aberrations of<br />the optical imaging system. The most important information and details in the<br />image that contained in image edges. The fidelity criteria are evaluate the quality,<br />depending on the whole image plane or in homogenous image regions. so we dealt<br />, in our study , with image estimation depending upon calculating the contrast<br />(mcontrast) of edges regions . Specifying the edges in the image is made by using<br />soble operator . Also , several different and new methods were proposed to<br />calculate the contrast . Contrast is one of the most standards of the checking image<br />quality. In addition the value of the absolute central moment (ACM) and the<br />standard deviation (s ) one calculated to evaluate the images quality with<br />different lighting.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601A Theoretical Investigation Of Reaction Properties In Highly- Doped N-Gaas At MIR Wavelengths5845932771410.30684/etj.28.12.19ENJournal Article20100601In this work, a theoretical multi-layer structure was presented to investigate the<br />nonlinear optical behavior induced by free electrons in a thin layer of highly-doped<br />n-type GaAs at the MIR wavelengths. The multi-layer structure is considered to<br />enhance absorption by a semiconductor thin layer. The intensity-dependent<br />reflection properties were analyzed and the results explained the possibility to<br />increase the optical sensitivity of the multi-layer structure compared to that in<br />GaAs bulk.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Computer- Aided Setup Planning of Machine Tools For Different Machining Operations5946032771510.30684/etj.28.12.20ENJournal Article20100601Most of machining &manufacturing operations done by different<br />machining machine tools, where the machining parts pass through different<br />machining operations, starting from raw material to the final product. Machining<br />parts accuracy depends on machine accuracy, inaccuracy of machine leads to long<br />operation time &high cost. In this research planning turning operation machine<br />including cutting tool planning by finding the best setting up size of cutting tool.<br />The practical application has been done by machining (12) samples in different<br />size on turning machine &finding best setting up size for the cutting tool from the<br />surface of the machining part by using dotted diagram& setting up size Equation,<br />we found best setting up size=41.70 8 mm for different operations of turning<br />machine. So finding the best setting up size is necessary to decrease the times of<br />turning machine tool setup (increasing the time between tool re-setup) to decrease<br />the machining time& cost to minimum as much as possible. Using Q-Basic<br />language to build computer aided Program to find optimum setting up size.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Numerical and Experimental Analyses for Effect of Welding Currents on Cooling Rates in (M MAW) Process227622932769010.30684/etj.28.12.1ENAbbas Sh. AlwanJalal M. JalilMuna K. AbbassJournal Article20100601In this study, Manual Metal Arc Welding (MMAW) is carried out for low<br />carbon steel (AISI 1015) with using electrode (E7018). Direct current straight<br />polarity (DCSP) with the joint geometry of single -V- butt joint and weld one pass<br />are used for plate of thickness 8mm. experimentally, obtained temperature<br />distribution in fusion zone which is measured by insert the thermocouple in weld<br />metal. Cooling rates are determined for the fusion zone at different welding<br />currents (100, 120 and 140) Amp with constant welding speed at 3.2mm/s.<br />Numerical analysis by using the Control Volume Method (CVM), applied to threedimensional<br />heat transfer model to determine the cooling rate in fusion zone.<br />Cooling rates models are helping in prediction the microstructure (phases, grain<br />size and volume fraction) and microhardness distribution in weld metal and heat<br />affected zone. The comparison of cooling curves between numerical and<br />experimental work have a good agreement, so that deviation was in range ( 6℅ -<br />21℅) which is confirming the capability and reliability of the proposed numerical<br />heat transfer model in manual metal arc welding. The best result for cooling rates<br />when applying mathematical model is at welding current 140Amp.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Modeling and Simulation of Flue Gas Desulfurization Using Slurry of Fine Activated Carbon Particles229423072769310.30684/etj.28.12.2ENAsmaa I. EliassNeran K. IbrahimJournal Article20100601The main objective of the present work is to investigate the<br />feasibility of using a slurry of fine activated carbon particles,<br />dp<1mm, in a fixed bed reactor for the removal of sulfur dioxide<br />from simulated flue gas (air, SO2) stream. A mathematical model<br />governing the desulfurization process was proposed. The partial<br />differential equations which describe the adsorption of SO2 from a<br />moving gas stream to the sorbent bed were solved using a finite<br />difference method. The kinetic parameters of the mathematical<br />model were obtained from a series of experimental desulfurization<br />runs carried out at isothermal conditions and different operating<br />conditions; bed temperature (333K-373K), initial SO2 concentration<br />(500ppm-2000ppm) and static bed height (10cm-24cm). The results<br />showed that the use of fine activated carbon particles improved the<br />removal efficiency to about 97%. The verification of the simulation<br />and experimental results showed that the proposed model gave a<br />good description of the desulfurization process with 95% confidence<br />levelUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Nonlinear Behavior of Steel-Concrete Composite Beams Curved in Plane with CFRP Strips Bonding230823242769410.30684/etj.28.12.3ENAhmed F. KadhumJournal Article20100601This paper deals with the behavior of structural steel-concrete composite beams<br />curved in plane. The analytical investigation included the use of three dimensional<br />nonlinear finite elements to model the performance of the composite beams<br />strengthened with CFRP strips by using (ANSYS 11.0) computer program. The<br />numerical results showed very good agreement with the experimental results reach<br />to 100% before the strengthening, while the increase in strength after the curved<br />strengthened with CFRP strips 32% for the curve beam with L/R equal to 0.05 and<br />48% for the curve beam with L/R equal to 0.10 and 53% for the curve beam with<br />L/R equal to 0.25.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Experimental Investigation of The Steady Motion of Spherical- Cap Bubble232523362769510.30684/etj.28.12.4ENHussein Ali HussabMohsin Abbas MashayJournal Article20100601The aim of the present work is to study the hydrodynamics of sphericalcap<br />bubble, rise bubble velocity, shape of bubble, and drag coefficient. The<br />experimental work of two-phase ,air-water system was carried out using a Perspex<br />column of 14.5 cm diameter and 180 cm height. A known volume of air was<br />supplied to the cup from a syringe. The single gas bubble rose through the<br />entrance region by turning the cup instantaneously. The rise bubble velocity was<br />measured by visual observation. In order to measure the terminal velocity an<br />electronic timer (Stop-Watch) was used. The drag coefficient of air spherica–l cap<br />bubble rising in water was measured and found to be a value between (2.8-3.8) for<br />all Reynolds number. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical<br />results of some investigators.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Proposed 256 bits RC5 Encryption Algorithm Using Type-3 Feistel Network233723522769810.30684/etj.28.12.5ENYossra H. AliJournal Article20100601Proposed 256 bits RC5 is an improvement to RC5, designed to meet<br />the requirements of increased security and better performance. Proposed<br />256 bits RC5 algorithm makes use of data dependent rotations. One new<br />feature of proposed 256 bits RC5 algorithm is modified its design to use<br />four 64-bit registers rather than two 32-bit registers. The proposal 256 bits<br />RC5 algorithm using Type-3 Feistel network which is iterated simple<br />function 20 times. An Avalanche Effect of RC5 is about 31.372 if we<br />change the same amount of information in key for 256 bits RC5 then the<br />Avalanche Effect is about 142.909. The proposed algorithm is resistant to<br />matching and a dictionary attack which is increased the security of the<br />previous RC5 algorithm by using block size of 256 bits instead of 64 bits.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Approximate Solution For Linear Fredhlom Integro-Differential Equation By Using Bernstein Polynomials Method235323602769910.30684/etj.28.12.6ENWaleeda S. AliJournal Article20100601In this paper, Bernstein polynomials method is used to find an<br />approximate solution for Fredholm integro-Differential equation of the second<br />kind. These polynomials are incredibly useful mathematical tools, because they<br />are simply defined, can be calculated quickly on computer systems and represent a<br />tremendous variety of functions. They can be differentiated and integrated easily.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Reliability Based Design of Pile Raft Foundation236123782770110.30684/etj.28.12.7ENTania M. Al-AniNamir K.S. Al-SaoudiJournal Article20100601The Combined Piled Raft Foundation (CPRF) is a modern concept in<br />which the total load coming from the superstructure is partly shared by the raft<br />through contact with soil and the remaining load is shared by piles through skin<br />friction and/or base capacities. A CPRF system is economical compared to the<br />traditional “piled foundation” design where the pile cap is assumed to be sustained<br />by piles only.<br />A “case study” (Basrah elevated water tank project) is studied thoroughly<br />in this work. The 1365 m3 elevated water tank located at 3 nearby sites was<br />originally designed as a piled foundation with 25 bored piles for each site (0.7m<br />diameter and 24m length). Theoretical analysis reveals that the piles have an<br />allowable capacity of 2245 kN. On the other hand static pile tests were preformed<br />on 17 piles out of 75 piles and it appeared that the allowable capacity<br />demonstrated erratic values below the expected pile capacity.<br />A re-analysis of the pile raft is performed establishing the CPRF concepts.<br />The case study was modeled by STAAD Pro computer package to determine the<br />loads on both piles and soil with the corresponding settlement values.<br />The reliability aspects of behavior of both “piled foundation” and CPRF<br />are investigated. In this approach the influence of autocorrelation for the stiffness<br />modulus (of both piles and soil) and raft thickness are considered.<br />The safety of both systems is obtained in terms of traditional factor of<br />safety (FS) and reliability index (b). The results showed that the “piled<br />foundation” system is “unsafe” for 3 criteria for both FS and b. On the other hand,<br />the CPRF is “safe” for the 4 criteria for FS concept while it is “unsafe” for 3<br />criteria for b.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Design and Simulation of N-Way In-phase Equal power Wilkinson Power Divider237923912770310.30684/etj.28.12.8ENAbdul Kareem K. Abdul RaheemJournal Article20100601In this paper, three designs of Wilkinson Power Divider (WPD) at 9.0 GHz<br />center frequency are proposed. The first design is 2-way in-phase equal power<br />outputs implemented on the Roger RT-duroid 6006, PTFE ceramic, relative<br />permittivity = 10.2 r e and thickness of substrate material h = 0.365mm. The<br />second design is 4-way and the third design is 8-way in-phase equal power dividers<br />are implemented on the same substrate. The third design is a new shape of 8-way<br />WPD consists of feeder connected with four WPD via cut cortex rhombus to<br />achieve matching with inputs. All designs are simulated by using CAD<br />(Microwave Office 2000). The simulation results demonstrate that the power<br />divider works well at assigned operating frequency with compact size. Low<br />insertion and high isolation are achieved.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Artificial Neural Control of 3-Phase Induction Motor Slip Regulation Using SPWM Voltage Source Inverter239224042770410.30684/etj.28.12.9ENLina J. RashadFadhil A. HassanJournal Article20100601Variable-Voltage Variable-Frequency control represents the most<br />successful used method in speed control of 3-phase induction motor, which is<br />implemented by using PWM techniques. This paper proposes modeling and<br />simulation of sinusoidal PWM voltage source inverter as a VVVF A.C drive. The<br />dynamic model, simulation of 3-phase induction motor, and open loop speed<br />control system is proposed too. The PI closed loop controller of rotor slip<br />regulation is illustrated as a traditional speed control method, which gives stable<br />operation behavior of motor speed in the constant torque region with settling time<br />=0.5 sec and maximum overshot =20%, but unstable operation in the field<br />weakening regions with steady state error =15%. The Artificial Neural Network<br />(ANN) is going to be the modern type of speed controller. This paper proposes<br />NARMA-L2 (Nonlinear Autoregressive-Moving Average) neural network as an<br />improved Artificial Neural Network technique, and trained as a close loop slip<br />regulation controller, which gives an ideal performance with settling and rise time<br />= 0.18 sec, maximum overshot and steady state error less than 1% in different<br />speed range and constant air gap flux, including the field weakening regions.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Digital Video Automatic Segmentation Algorithms Using Edge Detection240524122770510.30684/etj.28.12.10ENFaten Hassan AL KathyDepartment of Computer science, Kirkuk Technical Institute, KirkukJournal Article20100601With the increasing use of digital techniques in cinema, television and<br />photography, there is a growing need for software capable of efficiently editing<br />and compositing high quality digital images. This research captures video scenes<br />after extracting frames from video file .Video scene change detection is a<br />fundamental operation used in many multimedia applications and it must be<br />performed prior to all other processes.<br />One goal of the work presented in this research is to develop technique for<br />video scenes detection, by detecting the appearance of intensity edges in a frame<br />that is at a fixed distance away from the intensity edges in the previous frame. The<br />results of testing the program against abase line of different types of digital videos<br />are represented graphically and analyzed to investigate how well the program can<br />detect different filming techniques.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Studying The Electrical Properties Of Piezoelectric Material (PZT) Prepared By Organic Acid Precursor Method241324242770610.30684/etj.28.12.11ENAbdul Karim Ziedan Khalf Al- JeborySabah M. Ali RidhaJournal Article20100601The compound of piezoelectric nanopowders with a general system PbZxrTi1-xO3<br />(PZT) at different concentrations (x =0.3, 0.5 and 0.7) were prepared by using<br />organic acid precursor method. Disc shaped samples of each concentrations were<br />sintered for two hours at temperatures in the range of (700-1100ºC). The perovskite<br />structure was determined by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, and the dielectric<br />properties were investigated for all samples. The dielectric studies of the<br />compounds as function of temperature in the range (room temperature to 450ºC) at<br />frequency 1 KHz shows that the compounds undergo a phase transition of diffuse<br />type from tetragonal phase to cubic phase. Maximum values of electrical properties<br />such as (Dielectric constant 1200, loss factor 1.05) were found for PZ0.5 T0.5<br />compounds, and these properties decrease with increasing of (Zr or Ti) additives.<br />The effect of frequency in range (103-105 Hz) on electrical properties is low with<br />stability in dielectric constant and dielectric loss.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Central Fault Tolerance For Dual Database Server Real Time System242524412770710.30684/etj.28.12.12ENAsia Ali SalmanA Abdu-AljabarRana DhiaJournal Article20100601The aim of this article is to find an efficient method to detect fault in dual<br />database server which is working on critical environment real time system (such as<br />power and water distributed environment).<br />In traditional dual database server the fault tolerance is embedded in each<br />server. So when there is any defectiveness, each server try to uncover the error in<br />separate way. This led to increase the load on each server and job lateness.<br />This paper proposes a central fault tolerant method for dual database server<br />through a centralized control, so that the fault will be more controlled and<br />manipulated and the load will be less in each server since problems detection and<br />correction will not depend on dual server but it will be centralized.It showed<br />practically how the dual server worked under fault conditions and critical<br />environment such as distributed real time systems.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete244224532770810.30684/etj.28.12.13ENZaid Muhammad Kani Al-AzzawiKaiss SarsamJournal Article20100601Experimental results of this work in addition to a wide range of data from previous work<br />were analyzed to study the mechanical properties and strength of high-strength concrete with and<br />without fibers. Different types of steel fibers (straight, hooked, duoform, crimped) with a volume<br />fraction ranging from 0 to 2 percent were studied. The concrete compressive strength ranged from 41<br />to 115 MPa. The influence of fiber on the compressive strength, axial strain, modulus of elasticity,<br />Poisson's ratio, modulus of rupture, and splitting tensile strength, were studied. In addition to that,<br />size effect of control specimens on high-strength fiber reinforced concrete materials, was observed.<br />The main conclusion indicates that high-strength concrete (HSC) properties, especially with fibers<br />are significantly different from normal-strength concrete (NSC).University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Design of Compact Hilbert Microstrip Bandpass Filter For Modern Wireless Communication Systems245424682770910.30684/etj.28.12.14ENJawad K. AliYaqeen Sabah MezaalJournal Article20100601This paper presents a new microwave narrow-band bandpass filter with a<br />miniaturized size for use in modern wireless communication systems. The<br />proposed filter design topology is based on a single-mode microstrip resonator<br />constructed in the form of Hilbert fractal geometries from 2nd to 4th iteration levels.<br />The space-filling property the proposed filter topologies possess, has found to<br />produce reduced size structures corresponding to the successive iteration levels.<br />Many filters have been designed for the Industrial Scientific Medical band (ISM<br />band) applications at a design frequency of 2.4 GHz using a substrate with a<br />dielectric constant of 10.8 and thickness of 1.27mm. The performance of each of<br />the resulting bandpass filter structures has been analyzed using a method of<br />moments (MoM) based software package, Microwave Office 2007, from<br />Advanced Wave Research Inc. Results show that these filters possess good<br />transmission and return loss characteristics, besides the miniaturized sizes gained;<br />making them the design specifications of most of wireless communication systems.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601A Comparison Study of Different Ceramic Filler on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Glass, Carbon, Kevlar / Polyester Composites246924792771010.30684/etj.28.12.16ENSarmad I. IbrahimRaghad O. AbasFalak O. AbasJournal Article20100601Fillers play a major role in determination of the properties and behavior of<br />particles on (glass, carbon, and Kevlar fiber) reinforced polyester composites.<br />These particles are fabricated using both alumina (Al2O3) and silicon carbide (SiC)<br />particles as filler materials for such systems. The effect of these two different<br />ceramic polyester composites are investigated at different additive ratios as (0.2,<br />0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) volume fraction.<br />Comparative analysis shows that the bending distortion, Hardness, and<br />Impact resistance are affected by the type and content of filler particles, where<br />both impact and Hardness is increased with increasing volume fraction specially<br />in case of (0.5) volume fraction for both filler particles and decreased for bending<br />distortion specially in case of glass fiber/ polyester at (0.5) volume fraction for<br />both filler particles. Also high electrical properties for all filler/ fiber/ polyester<br />composites.<br />It is shown that silicon carbide (SiC), have better filler characteristics<br />compared to those of alumina (Al2O3) .Hopefully, these results provide a cost<br />effective solution to composite applications.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Some Numerical Methods For Solving Fractional Parabolic Partial Differential Equations248024852771110.30684/etj.28.12.17ENAkram A. Al-SabbaghIbtisam K.HananOsama H.MohammedJournal Article20100601The aim of this paper isto approximate the solution offractional<br />parabolicpartial differential equations using two numerical methods which are<br />Bellman's method (make use of Lagrange interpolation formula) and the method<br />of lines. Fractional Parabolic partial differential equations are transformed to a<br />system of first order ordinary differential equations that are solved using a Runge-<br />Kutta method. An illustrative example using thesemethodsare also presented and<br />compared with the exact solution.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281220100601Study The Effect of Co Concentration In Nico Thin Films on Some Structure And Mechanical Properties248624962771210.30684/etj.28.12.15ENAlaa A. Abdul-HameadJournal Article20100601Electroplating process has been used to prepare Magnetic NiCo alloys thin<br />film with thickness of 1μm on brass alloy substrate using different Co<br />concentrations .Surface morphology, XRD, atomic absorption, apparent density,<br />open porosity, stresses and microhardness of pure and alloys thin film has been<br />investigated. Results indicated that the pure and alloy of thin films was<br />polycrstaline with (111) domain orientation changed to (101) with increment Co<br />deposited percentage, which is spontaneously increase with Co molarity increased<br />in the deposition solution.Microstructure for thin films change from nodular<br />structure to pyramidal and dendritic structure with changing Co content in film.<br />Apparent density for prepared thin films was less than theoretical density about<br />(8g/cm3), and varying with actual Co deposited content. Open porosity also<br />reduced in general with increment of Co content. Mechanical properties shows<br />alteration in internal stress behavior of deposited thin films from compressive<br />stress to tensile stress at (0.05M) of Co. Microhadness also increased with<br />increasing in the Co percentage in deposited thin films,to about(467Kg/mm2).