University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701Hydrochemical Evaluation of Erbil City Aquifer / North of Iraq3103323817710.30684/etj.27.10.19ENMohammed JaaferAl-QazwiniTareq Abdul-HussainSawsan Hasson.MohammedJournal Article20090701Eribl city lies in the north part of Iraq within the middle basin of Eribl plain<br />(1400) km2, while the city of Eribl is only (70) km2. The research deals with the<br />study of hydrochemical features of ground water. (20) wells were sampled to<br />identify the quality and origin of the water for municipal use. The results showed<br />that the water is clear with no impurities, the temp. was (20.31)cº, the water was<br />slightly basic with PH.(8.07), E.C.(353.65) μ mhos/cm, TDS was (244.45) ppm,<br />and the total hardness (79.66) ppm. The type of the water was classified as fresh water, according to (Schoeller) classification with domination of the bicarbonate<br />groups. According to (sulin) classification, the type of water was of (Na2So4) and<br />of atmospheric origin, the study concluded that the water was suitable for all kind<br />of human usesUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701Study of Polymer Quenchants Effect on Some Properties of Stainless Steel alloy (316L).3333483818110.30684/etj.27.10.20ENWalid EssamHannaLaith Qais.AbbasManar Abdul-Jabar.NajimJournal Article20090701This study is concerned with the effect of polymer quenching on some<br />properties of an austenitic stainless steel alloy (316L). Three different operations<br />of heat treatment have been done including quenching, quenching with tempering<br />and quenching with freezing. A comparison has been done between the effect of<br />polymeric quenchant i.e. water solution of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA)and the<br />conventional quenchants represented by distilled water, engine oil and food oil in<br />having better properties. Tests have been done to the original and heat treated<br />specimens which were Brinell hardness test, wear rate test and thermal<br />conductivity test. Results had revealed that the heat treatments generally enhance<br />the properties especially the treatment of quenching with freezing and in most<br />cases the polymeric quenchants gave better results than the conventional<br />quenchants. Also a simulation to the results of the experimental work has been<br />done by using the (Visual Basic language), and the results gave us an indication to<br />the behaviour of specimens’ properties at different concentrations of polymeric<br />quenchants over the range used in the experimental work, beside the great<br />possibilities of the program in display the experiments which help in training<br />engineers in heat treatment and testing fields.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701Quantitative Analysis of Ternary Alloy's Content By means of Laser Induced Plasma Emission Spectroscopy189119003795910.30684/etj.27.10.1ENMazin M. EliasAhmed A. MoosaAli Z. Al-AloosyJournal Article20090701A quantitative elemental analysis of ternary alloy's content was carried out<br />with laser induced plasma emission spectroscopy. An energetic Nd: glass laser<br />have been focused on a set of alloy targets at reduced pressure. The intensity of<br />UV and visible emission produced from laser-induced plasma was measured using<br />ultra-high sensitive photon detection and counting system of high signal-to-noise<br />ratio. Ternary alloys of Sn-Bi-Pb were used with different composition and the<br />observed photon emission intensity is found to be nonlinearly related to the<br />concentration of the alloy's content. The results were tested and demonstrated that<br />the present sensitive spectrometer can be employed for rapid online estimation of<br />the fractional content of ternary alloys with high accuracyUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701Heat Transfer from an Immersed Heater in Liquid – Liquid – Solid Fluidized Beds190119143796110.30684/etj.27.10.2ENBalasim A. AbidMajid I. Abdul-WahabAsrar A. Al-ObaidyJournal Article20090701Heat transfer from an immersed heating surface to a liquid-solid and liquid-liquidsolid fluidized beds have been studied. The experiments were carried out in a (0.22) m column diameter fitted with an axially mounted cylindrical heater heated electrically. The fluidizing medium was water as the continuous phase and kerosene as the dispersed phase. Low density (Ploymethyl-methacrylate) particles were used. Previous<br />published heat transfer correlations, obtained for fluidized beds containing highdensity particles, gave significant deviations compared with the present data. New correlations were developed to predict the heat transfer coefficients in liquid-solid and liquid-liquid-solid fluidized beds. The new correlation is, <br /><br />The heat transfer coefficients obtained from the present work were compared with those estimated from other correlations reported in the literature. The comparison shows a good agreement with the data obtained for the gas-liquid-solid fluidized beds using low-density particles.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701The Effect of Zr loading on the Performance of Honeycomb Monolithic catalyst for the Removal of NO , CO and Hydrocarbon from Exhaust Gas191519363796210.30684/etj.27.10.3ENAbdul Halim Abdul K.MohammedShahrazed R.RauofHussain KhalafJournal Article20090701Catalytic monolith reactors have numerous applications in industrial<br />processes and as technical devices, so the focus is set specially on automotive catalytic converters. In present work the experimental and theoretical investigation has been carried out to study the performance of monolith reactor on the oxidation and reduction of exhaust gas (NO, CO, HC, O2 and H2O) which emitted from gasoline generator. Commercial ceramic monolith catalyst and catalyst loaded on the commercial with<br />Zr were used in the present work. A laboratory unit was constructed for this purpose where a versatile stainless steel reactor of 0.02 m inside diameter and 0.2 m height was used. The catalytic performance of the catalysts was studied in the following operating conditions: gas hourly space velocity in the range 17.69 – 44.23s-1, reaction temperature in the range 373 – 673 K, bed length in the range 0.075 – 0.15 m and<br />at atmospheric pressure and constant air / fuel ratio (14.6). The results show that the conversion of NO, CO, HC, O2 and H2O are slightly changed with the bed length, . The conversion of exhaust gas reactant enhances in presence of water (wet condition) rather than in the absence of water (dry condition) and increases with the increasing reaction temperature and decreases with increasing gas space<br />velocity. Commercial catalyst loaded with 0.4% Zr gives the higher performance for all components reactionUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701A New Narrow Band Dual-Mode Miniaturized Bandpass Filter Design for Wireless Communication Systems193719513796410.30684/etj.27.10.4ENNasr N HussainJawad K. AliJournal Article20090701A new narrowband, compact, and low profile microstrip filter design is<br />presented in this paper as a candidate for use in modern wireless systems. The proposed design is based on the use of fractal multiple ring resonator. Multiple ring resonators have advantages to possess much narrower and shaper performance responses than those of the single ring resonator. The proposed filter design is fractally generated using Minkowski-Like Pre-Fractal curve geometry applied to the conventional square microstrip square ring filter. Filter structures resulting from the successive iterations in the fractal generation process show a<br />considerable size reduction compared with the conventional microstrip square ring filter designed at the same frequency using the same substrate material. The performance of the generated bandpass filter structures have been analyzed using method of moments (MoM) based software package Microwave Office 2007. Performance Simulation results show that filter structures employing 2nd and 3rd iterations offer size reduction percentages of about 61.5% and 77.7% respectively<br />as compared with the conventional square ring filterUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701Lineaments Analysis and Mapping From Satellite Images For Southern Iraq195219653797010.30684/etj.27.10.5ENHussain Z. AliHussein H. KarimAhmed H. HamdullahJournal Article20090701Synergistic display of data recorded by different remote sensing has proved<br /> extremely valuable for the extraction of geological features such as lineaments .<br /> Accordingly , two satellite images were used for lineaments analyses which are<br /> considered as indicators for rock fractures . Image resolution merge and<br /> directional filtering methods were applied for lineaments extraction using GIS<br /> techniques .Rose diagram and lineaments density analysis were used for the traced<br /> lineaments . The output of these techniques are used to trace new lineaments as a<br /> regional lineaments map . a synergistic display of these regional lineaments with<br /> geophysical images allows the major lithological and structural boundaries to be<br /> mapped . Evaluation of lineaments map and its rose diagram analyses shows that<br /> the dominant lineament trend is mainly NW-SE and NE-SW. It is concluded that<br /> these lineaments indicate the fault zones within the area. Besides, a considerable<br /> conformity has been noticed between the location and dimension of such<br /> lineaments with subsurface anomalies appeared in geophysical imagesUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701Expansion Method For Solving Linear Delay Integro- Differential Equation Using B- Spline Functions196619753797110.30684/etj.27.10.6ENHayat Adel AliJournal Article20090701The main goal of this paper lies briefly in submitting and modifying some<br />methods for solving linear delay integro-differential equations (L-DIDEs)<br />containing three types (retarded, neutral and mixed) numerically by employing<br />expansion method (collocation and partition) with the aid of B-spline polynomials<br />as basis functions to compute the numerical solutions of (L-DIDEs). Three<br />numerical examples are given for determining the results of this method.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701Improving Keystream Generation for Sosemanuk Stream Cipher Using Twofish Block Cipher197619913797310.30684/etj.27.10.7ENShant K. AvakianRana S. MohammedJournal Article20090701This paper will introduce two proposal algorithms (Snowfish 1) and the<br /> (Snowfish 2) to improve the Sosemanuk stream cipher algorithm by benefiting from<br /> the efficient properties of the Twofish block cipher and also use its key schedule, keydependent<br /> Sbox to increase the security, randomness and try to avoid the guess and<br /> determine attack of Sosemanuk. These two proposals use Twofish algorithm rather<br /> than Serpent algorithm which was used in the Sosemanuk and also they use keydependent<br /> Sbox rather than static Sbox. They are similar in the same key length (128<br /> to 256 bit), IV length (128 bit), LFSR length, FSM functions and output<br /> transformation.<br /> In this paper will make a comparison between Snowfish 1, Snowfish 2 and<br /> Sosemanuk algorithms by using the tests of randomness, the structural tests and the<br /> complexity of the algorithm. These tests give results that show the two proposed<br /> algorithms have good results in increasing the security and randomness compared<br /> with Sosemanuk algorithm.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701Modeling ofMixing in The Liquid Phase For Bubble Column199220073813210.30684/etj.27.10.8ENAli H. JawadJournal Article20090701Hydrodynamic characteristics (mixing in the liquid phase) in a bubble column with a non-Newtonian liquid phase (aqueous solutions of carboxymethylcellulose, or CMC, at different concentrations) were measured and correlated. Experiments in a 0.2-m diameter, 2.4-m-high bubble column were carried out to determine degree of mixing<br /> in the liquid phase at various gas and liquid flow rates. The axial dispersion model was used in the two operating modes, batch and continuous, and the tanks-in-series model was used just in the case of continuous mode. The axial dispersion model with closed-closed boundary conditions fit experimental data quite well and thus was used<br /> to estimate the axial dispersion coefficient. This parameter was higher in batch mode than in continuous mode, and its trend was to increase as superficial gas velocity increased.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701Design and Simulation of Digital PLL Synchronizer for BPSK and QPSK Based on Software Defined Radio200820263813910.30684/etj.27.10.9ENH. T. ZiboonA. A. ThabitJournal Article20090701This paper presents a design and simulation of digital PLL synchronizer, using<br />Costas loop based on SDR for high frequency communication systems. Design<br />parameters are selected for each unit of the proposed systems in order to<br />accommodate SDR requirements. Different techniques for carrier recovery based<br />on SDR are discussed. PLL techniques is chosen for synchronization, since it is<br />one of the most active synchronization techniques. BPSK and QPSK<br />synchronizers for coherent receivers have been designed and simulated based on<br />SDR using both Costas loop and modified Costas loop. The simulation result<br />shows that these two systems are reliable in recovering the carrier phase and<br />frequency when significant frequency and phase are present. Simulation result<br />shows that the BPSK system has Pe =10-3 at Eb / No equal to 8.5 dB in the<br />presence of AWGN and has the ability to track frequency offset up to 1200Hz<br />with 2*10 -4 probability of bit error at Eb / No equal to 20 dB. This system can<br />track phase offset 45 o with Pe =10-4 at Eb / No equal to 20 dB. For QPSK system,<br />the probability of bit error 10-3 at Eb / No =9dBand has the ability to track<br />frequency offset 300 Hz and phase offset=9 o with Pe =10-3 at Eb / No equal to<br />20dB.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701Consolidation Characteristics of Unsaturated Soil202720463814710.30684/etj.27.10.10ENFiras J. KadhimMohammed Y. FattahJournal Article20090701The most common three-phase problem in porous media is the flow of air and water. This is for example found in the unsaturated zone, where water infiltrates through partly saturated pores to the groundwater. Liquid flow in the unsaturated zone is controlled by a combination of gravitational, capillary, and viscous forces. The mechanical behaviour of partially saturated soils can be very different from that of fully saturated soils. It has long been established that for such soils, changes in suction do not have the same effect as changes in the applied stresses, and consequently the effective stress principle is not applicable. Conventional constitutive models, which are based on this principle, are therefore of limited use when analyzing<br />geotechnical problems that involve the presence of partially saturated soil zones. In this paper, Al-Mdaina trial embankment was the problem analysed. The finite element programs SIGMA/W and SEEP/W were used, and eight noded isoparametric quadrilateral elements were used for modelling both the soil skeleton and pore water pressure. Parametric study was carried out and different parameters were changed to find their effects on the behaviour of partially saturated soil. The<br />parameters include the modulus of elasticity and permeability of the soil. It was concluded that the effect of modulus of elasticity on the behaviour of unsaturated soil is apparent at early stages of consolidation and diminishes when the time proceeds. When the clay layer consists of soft clay (Esoil <10000 kN/m2), the effect of unsaturated soil is apparent, while the effect of the modulus of elasticity diminishes when the soil is stiff.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701A General Equation for the Flexural – Membrane Behaviour of Rigid – Plastic RC Square Slabs Having Variously Restrained Edges204720603815410.30684/etj.27.10.11ENWaleed H. MohammedHisham M. Al-HassaniJournal Article20090701Uniformly loaded rigid – plastic reinforced concrete (RC) square slabs having<br />six different cases of boundary restraints have been recently analyzed(1) under the<br />combined effect of bending and membrane action, and a separate load – deflection<br />relationship for each slab case has been obtained. In this paper, the load –<br />deflection behaviour of all these six slab cases is expressed in one single compact<br />equation as a function of the slab material properties and the configuration of the<br />slab boundary restraints. The application of the proposed equation in the analysis<br />of a typical RC Square slab indicates that when two or more edges of the slab are<br />restrained against rotation and horizontal translation the live load carrying<br />capacity of the slab can reach up to five times that suggested by the simple yield<br />line theory.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701Aِ studing The Effect of Chemical Composition of Workpiece on Built Up Edge Formation And Surface Roughness206120713815810.30684/etj.27.10.12ENSaad Kariem ShatherJournal Article20090701the phenomena built-up edge was the unwanted rough edge on cutting tool that is created by workpiece material welding onto the tool during cutting , occurs at the chip/tool interface when multiple materials are machined at low cutting speeds under high compressive stresses, this study involve relation between the chemical composition of workpiece and the built-up edge ( B.U.E ) formation which is generated on cutting tool during machining at dfferent types of low carbon steel<br />using turning machine , experments prove that increasing percentage of carbon on workpiece causes reduction in weight of cutting tool from ( 14.532g to 13.823g ) at cutting speed 40 m/min and 0.10% and 014% carbon also to 12.672g at 0.20% carbon because built – up edge was disappear and surface roughness was improving from the value ( 5.43μm ) at 0.10% carbon and to ( 3.362 μm ) at 0.14% carbon and to (3.543μm) at 0.20% carbon .University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701Simple Treatment Of Textile Industry Wastewater For Reuse And Recycling207220843816310.30684/etj.27.10.13ENM. Sh. J. Al-MuhamadawiM. A. ZabloukMahmood M. BarbootiJournal Article20090701The aim of the present work is at describing a simple physico-chemical<br />treatment for the textile wastewater of a local plant to bring its characteristics to<br />that used within the plant. Lime and polyelectrolyte were employed individually to<br />aid the removal of pollutants. The effectiveness of the treatment was indicated by<br />measuring parameters like biochemical oxygen demand, BOD, turbidity, electrical<br />conductivity, EC, total suspended solids, TSS, total dissolved solid, TDS, for the<br />produced water after filtration through simple sand filter. The treatment was<br />supported by an extensive study of the coagulation/flocculation and filtration<br />processes. Color dyes adsorb efficiently onto the coagulant particles and separates<br />from the original liquor. Pollutants removal efficiency (Turbidity, TSS, TDS, and<br />color), by (87-90%, 81-85%, 30-32% 40-45%) respectively could be obtained by<br />using lime solution of concentration 35-40 mg/L without addition of cationic<br />polyelectrolyte. Increasing lime concentration results in some difficulties like high<br />pH value of water discharged, dewatering problems and sand filter clogging.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701Attribute Adjacency Matrix Approach for Extracting and Recognizing Manufacturing Prismatic Features from CAD Models208520993816510.30684/etj.27.10.14ENOmar H. HussoonHussein S. KetanJournal Article20090701This paper introduces Developed Attributes Adjacency Matrix (DAAM)<br />approach for extracting and recognizing of part’s features, by deal with decoupling<br />or isolated manufacturing features. The proposed algorithm consists of two stages,<br />pre-processor stage which perform extraction of information from Design<br />Exchange Format (DXF) file format in Computer Aided Design (CAD), and postprocessor<br />stage which recognizes part’s features depending on attributes<br />adjacency matrix.<br />The main contributions of this research include building the adjacent relations<br />between faces of the part by geometrical characteristics in form of matrix, and use<br />clustering operation to extract the exact faces of feature and use different classes<br />of geometrical characteristics to assisting to recognize depression prismatic<br />features useful in machining and other application such as dimensional inspection<br />and assembly.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701Aircraft Jet Engine Electrical Starting System210021123816710.30684/etj.27.10.15ENAhmed Mahmood MohammedNowfal Mohammed TahirJournal Article20090701This paper presents the study and analysis of the parameters of aircraft electrical<br />starting system by using multi-method multi-step starting process. The most important<br />parameters of any starting system are the efficiency of the starting system, the duration<br />time of the starting cycle, the starting torque and the current variation during starting<br />operation, in addition to the size, weight and cost. The importance of each parameter is<br />depending on the purpose of the aircraft as well as the jet engine included.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701Modeling and Implementation of Space Vector PWM Driver of 3-Phase Induction Motor211321313816810.30684/etj.27.10.16ENFadhil Abbas HassanMajid K. Al-KhatatJournal Article20090701This research proposes the design, simulation, and implementation of a<br /> three-phase induction motor driver, using voltage-fed Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation technique (SVPWM), which is an advance and modern technique. The SVPWM provides maximum usage of the DC link. A MATLAB/SIMULINK program is prepared for simulating the overall drive system which include; voltage-fed space vector PWM inverter model and three-phase induction motor model. A practical model is designed by imitate the conceptions of TMS320 (DSP) microcontroller. This practical model is completely implemented and exact results are obtained. The worst state of the harmonics content of the voltage and current (no-load condition) are analyzed. This analysis shows high reduction in the dominant harmonics and very low total harmonic distortion (THD) when SVPWM is used (less than 5%), compared to (more than 20%) in square wave. Experimental and simulation results have verified the superior performance and the effectiveness in reduction the harmonic losses and switching losses.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701A Simplified Method For Estimating The Peak Load In The Large Cold Stores213221413816910.30684/etj.27.10.17ENAziz. J. AzizObaid T. FadhilAhmed A. M. SalehJournal Article20090701In this paper a simplified method for estimating the peak load in the large cold<br />stores is found and its occurrence day by utilizing two new variables A & B. The<br />first variable represents the number of days that is necessary for cooling the<br />product (storage) up to the needed temperature according to the daily temperature<br />differences only. The second variable represents the number of days required for<br />cooling the total product (storage) depending upon the daily storage mass only<br />without returning back to the details of distribution of the daily thermal load that is<br />followed in calculating thermal load for cold stores.<br />By the demonstrative and analysis of the thermal load in cold stores with detailing<br />study for each effective factors in estimating the thermal load characteristic is<br />observed that the factors daily temperature differences (D T) and storage mass<br />(m) per day affect significantly in estimating the peak load values and day of<br />occurrence.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900271020090701Scale Effects on the Hydrodynamics of Bubble Column214221643817410.30684/etj.27.10.18ENFarah S. JameelMohammad F. AbidJournal Article20090701The main object of this study is to investigate the influence of the column<br />geometric and operating variables ( i.e., column diameter, superficial gas velocity<br />and liquid viscosity) on the hydrodynamic parameter ( i.e. , gas holdup, bubble<br />dynamics and liquid phase axial dispersion coefficient ). The experimental data<br />obtained showed that the gas holdup increases linearly with superficial gas<br />velocity at both homogeneous and heterogeneous regimes but the rate of<br />increasing is slower at the heterogeneous one. The bubble rise velocity was found<br />to decrease with increasing superficial gas velocity until a transition point was<br />reached and after that the relationship was linearly increasing. It was observed<br />that with an increase in liquid phase viscosity and increase in column diameters, a<br />decrease in gas holdup and an increase in bubble size were obtained. It was<br />observed that increasing axial position led to an increase in bubble diameter and a<br />decrease in bubble rise velocity. Axial dispersion coefficient which is measured<br />by tracer response technique was found to increase with gas superficial velocity,<br />increases with column diameter, increases with axial position and decreases with<br />liquid viscosity. This work also presents a theoretical analysis that is used to<br />calculate the axial dispersion coefficient. The measured axial dispersion<br />coefficient was generally consistent with the predictions of the well established<br />correlations from the literature. The validity of the model was settled by<br />comparing its predication with the objective function of the well-Known empirical<br />correlation formulated by ( Hikita and Kikukawa , 1974) .The comparison shows<br />that the present model is statistically significant at a 95% confidence level by<br />using goodness – of – fit test .<br />Also a statstical analysis was performed to get a general correlation for the gas<br />holdup (εg) as a function of the parameters studied:<br />= 0.15325 Fr 0.29617 Ga 0.09223 Bo -0.0424 g e<br />Where the correlation coafficient ( R ) was equal to ( 0.957) and the absolute<br />error (3.5%).