University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Estimation of Fatigue Life Components By Proposed Mathematical Model9229324075710.30684/etj.28.19.15ENJournal Article20100901In this study the fatigue behavior of an aluminum alloy designated 2024 – T3<br />under constant and variable amplitude of stresses is considered. The applied load<br />adopted is a rotating bending one, the cross Section of the laboratory samples is<br />circular with a diameter of (6.74mm). All tests were carried out under a stress ratio<br />of R = - 1 and at room temperature condition. The study consists of two parts<br />experimental and theoretical. The experimental part includes carrying out<br />laboratory tests on two groups of specimens the first group was tested under<br />constant stress amplitude to establish the S-N curve of the specimen's material,<br />while the second group was tested under variable amplitude of stress to assess the<br />effects of the accumulated fatigue damage. The theoretical part of the study<br />includes a review of previous literature adopted to derive a theoretical and<br />mathematical model depending upon the variation of the stresses obtainedby<br />some previous theories, taking into consideration low and high stress levels, and<br />even post yield.<br />The derived model is denoted as elastic-plastic model for the evaluation of life<br />time of machinery parts. The linear theory of Miner and the theory of Elastic<br />Cracks Propagation are also studied throughout the theoretical part of the study.<br />In order to assess the capability of the two theories with the derived model: a<br />comparison is held between the experimented results and the results obtained by<br />applying the two theories.<br />It is noted that results obtained by applying the two theories are lower<br />(underestimates) than those obtained from the experimental study and that results<br />obtained by the suggested derived model are in better agreement than those<br />obtained by the two theories.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901The Effect of Planning Limitations on Minimizing the Holding Capacity of Cities Extension (Case Study: Sulaimaniyah City)9339524075810.30684/etj.28.19.16ENJournal Article20100901Big cities suffered from overcrowding problems which push them to grow<br />horizontally and vertically. The extended cities will face the use of new land<br />problem around them, which not vacant from the physical limitations that<br />constraint that extension and make it difficult which minimize the holding<br />capacity for that costly extension. These limitations was the topic of this research<br />especially the artificial ones which surrounded the Sulaimaniyah city especially in<br />the study area which regard as a main direction for its extension and caused a<br />series of planning problems and minimizing the holding capacity is one of them.<br />The research showed that the effect of artificial limitations was exceeded than<br />natural limitations in spite of that the area is known with the second is more than<br />the first one. And showed that the maximizing of the passive effect of artificial<br />limitations was caused by littleness of directorates, experiment in the planning and<br />investment.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Theoretical and Experimental Study of Using Solar Energy to produce Hydrogen (Baghdad-Iraq)9539674076010.30684/etj.28.19.17ENJournal Article20100901A theoretical and experimental study was done about using solar energy to<br />produce Hydrogen; Hydrogen is one of the main options to use as unpolluted fuel<br />for environment and alternative energy instead of traditional fuels.<br />Theoretical study included mathematical model for Hydrogen-solar system to<br />predict, solar radiation, solar cells electrical power generation and the amount of<br />Hydrogen gas decomposed in an electrolyser at specific condition.<br />Experimental study included manufacturing and testing of Hydrogen-solar system<br />model, using electrolysis water solution method.<br />The system consists of a solar cell module and electrolyser which was tested<br />during day's hours of many random days, the analysis study of the experimental<br />results showed good agreement with the theoretical predictions of solar radiation,<br />the amount of generated Hydrogen and small deviation in the solar cell's electrical<br />power because we canceled the electrical resistance of the system.<br />The study showed the ability of using solar energy to produce Hydrogen and to<br />deduce the best conditions to increase the production and the efficiency of the<br />system.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Stability of Al-Hadba minaret a-parametric study9689814076110.30684/etj.28.19.18ENJournal Article20100901Al-Hadba minaret in MOSUL City is one of the famous and oldest Islamic<br />monuments in the city. This minaret suffers from cracks in different places and<br />partial collapse in the outer stairs and in the upper dome. In addition to that, the<br />minaret is suffering from leaning. In this research the stability analysis,<br />displacement, and stress distribution were investigated using ANSYS 11 program<br />to represent the effect of external loads, and loads from maintenance work. In the<br />analysis the minaret and its foundation were considered as a one unit. Further<br />more, the effect of changing the nature of surrounding soil was investigated.<br />Results showed that the underground soil around the foundation is fill and<br />very loose material containing high percent of organic material and cavities. This<br />formation is extend down to (4.3-9.8 m) below the ground surface and have no<br />pronounce effect on the stability of the minaret .The analysis showed that the maximum compressive stress at the base of minaret in the inclination direction of<br />the minaret, where the opposite direction is under tension and the highest value<br />was at the base of cylindrical part.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Low Cycle Fatigue Failure of AA7020 Aluminum Alloy at different heat treatments9829984076310.30684/etj.28.19.19ENJournal Article20100901The present work encompasses Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) of<br />the Al-alloy AA7020 with three conditions; annealing, natural<br />aging and artificial aging. The LCF tests carried out using standard<br />specimens cantilever beam types. Optical Light Microscope (OLM)<br />and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were employed to<br />examine the fracture features .The results confirmed that AA7020-<br />O sustained cyclic ha rdening, while 7020-T4 & 7020-T6<br />undergoing cyclic softening, therefore make the annealing<br />conditions more resistance to LCF. The values of fa tigue str ength<br />exponent (b) is varying from (-0.064) to (-0.14) and fatigue<br />ductility exponent (c) from (-0.554) to (-0.60), whereas these<br />values within the general limitation of the metals. The number of<br />transition cycle (NT) for annealing condition is more comparing to<br />the other conditions which emphasis that the annealing alloy will<br />withstand more cycles before introducing the plastic zone. The<br />information extracted from Engineering Stress-Strain curve; (σu/σy)<br />as well as strain harden exponent (n) can be need to estimate the<br />behavior of annealing and artificial alloy, while the natural aging<br />alloy will need LCF testing to definite the conducting because of<br />its "n" less than (1.2) and (σu/σy ) more than (1.4) .The SEM<br />examination districted many point of cracks initiation for the three<br />alloys at stresses more than Yield point. OLM investigation of the<br />cross-section of fracture surface indicated the dominating of<br />applied stress when it is more than Yield point of artificial aging<br />alloy. Where the stress concentration is the most important role for<br />annealing specimens because of companion of cycle strain<br />hardeningUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Theempact of information on the architect design99910164076410.30684/etj.28.19.20ENJournal Article20100901The accelerated evolution of informatics is considered the core aspect of<br />information age. , which had focused on the production of materials, the<br />age of informatics revolution came, which concentrated on production of<br />ideas rather than materials, and those countries that have more information<br />are the most control over the events in the world. The last twenty years<br />witnessed phenomenal development in the information and communication<br />sector which we never had before and this development has changed the<br />features of the new world, therefore functions replaced others and new<br />techniques came up which have changed the activities of society and<br />affected concepts and postulates, As other activities of life, architecture was<br />largely influenced by the informatics evolution causing a change in the<br />concept of architecture and architectural design in terms of<br />thinking,analysis and performance and production methods. The research<br />also explains the concept of informatics, technology and globalization ,<br />brings up a definition for the architectural design, shows the importance of<br />informatics on thedesigning process and then impact of informatics in the architectural formation, reaching to a new formulation for the designing<br />process in the information age and extract indexes for informatics like the<br />artificial intelligence, communication development, information building<br />and globalization. And then to examine these indexes' impact on the<br />designing process via creating a questionnaire, reaching to a conclude that<br />the elements and informatics technologies raise the designing process's<br />proficiency, Finally, the research recommends it is necessary that students,<br />academicians, vocational people and those who work in the architectural<br />engineering domain to recognize the elements and informatics technologies<br />in the designing process in order to go along with the age developmentUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Effect of the Number of Horizontal Construction Joints In Reinforced Concrete Beams580358214030210.30684/etj.28.19.1ENMaha Ghalib GhaddarLayla Ali GhalebQais Abdul-MajeedJournal Article20100901In this paper some results from previous experimental test are adopted<br />and analyzed using a nonlinear three-dimensional finite element ANSYS<br />computer program (v.11) to investigate the effect of the presence of<br />horizontal construction joints (H.C.J.) on the behavior of reinforced<br />concrete (RC) beams.<br />Three beams having one, two and three (H.C.J.) that divide the beam into equal<br />parts, as well as one reference beam without a joint were analyzed. The results<br />obtained from the finite element analysis show very good agreement with the<br />results obtained from the previous experimental test. The maximum differences in<br />ultimate loads were about (8.2-10.4)% for all types of tested beams. The presence<br />of one, two and three (H.C.J.) in RC beams under flexure gave a decrease in the<br />value of the cracking load such that Pcr was (97%), (85%) and (80%) of (Bref).<br />The respective ultimate load capacity Pu was (96%), (89%) and (84%) compared<br />to (Bref).University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Improvement of Gypseous Soil by Clinker Additive582258324030410.30684/etj.28.19.2ENMohammed A. Mahmoud Al-NeamiJournal Article20100901In this paper, mechanical properties were studied for gypseous soil<br />brought up from Al-Axandria region, Babylon Governorate. Gypsum<br />content is equal to (40%). Many tests were employed on disturbed and<br />undisturbed samples collected at depth (1-1.5) m.<br />Clinker material used in cement was chosen as additive to study its<br />effect on improvement of gypseous soil by using three crushed percentages<br />(2, 4, & 6) %.<br />The results marked that (4) % clinker decreases the collapsibility<br />sharply; more than 73 % of improvement in collapse potential has been<br />achieved at this percent of clinker. Also, compressibility decreases with<br />increase of clinker percentage. The compression index decreased from 0.17<br />to 0.1 (29 – 41% reduction with increases of clinker).<br />The shear strength parameters of the treated soil determined by<br />direct shear test are more those than for natural soils due to increase in the<br />cohesion and decrease in angle of internal friction.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Proposal of Mutation-Based Bees Algorithm (MBA) to Solve Traveling Salesman & Jobs Scheduling Problems583358434030710.30684/etj.28.19.3ENSaran Akram ChaweshlyJournal Article20100901This paper presents an improved swarm-based algorithm which is based on Bees<br />Algorithm and Mutation Operator. Mutation-based Bees Algorithm (MBA) is very<br />useful to solve some NP-complete problems. This paper contains the basic version of<br />MBA with solving two NP-complete problems as examples and experiments for<br />testing the suggested approach. These two problems are Traveling Salesman Problem<br />and Job Scheduling Problem. The experimental results show that the suggested<br />approach is very suitable for solving NP-complete problems and gives good results<br />compare with traditional Bees algorithm.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Speed Control of Permanent Magnet D.C. Motor Using Neural Network Control584458564031710.30684/etj.28.19.4ENLina J. RashadJournal Article20100901This paper proposes the speed control of a permanent magnet direct current<br />(PMDC) motor by varying armature voltage. The objective is to control the<br />rotor angular speed to follow the desired value. The main feature of the<br />proposed controller is neural network, which captures the nonlinearity system of<br />the motor. Neural network (NN) performance is compared with the<br />conventional controller performance like PI (Proportional-Integral) controller to<br />show that NN performance is excellent. Numerous work reported in recent past<br />have shown that Artificial Neural Network (ANN) controller has a potential to<br />replace the conventional PI controller. Artificial Neural Network control<br />apparently offers a possibility of obtaining an improvement in the quality of the<br />speed response, compared to PI control. This research proposes NARMA-L2<br />(Nonlinear Autoregressive-Moving Average) as an improved ANNtechnique,<br />and trained as a close loop controller, which gives an ideal performance as<br />compared with PI controller to control the angular speed of rotor in a permanent<br />magnet dc (PMDC) motor. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the<br />proposed control scheme.The entire system has been modeled using MATLAB<br />toolbox.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Studying the Compatibility between Metakaolin Repair Materials And Concrete Substrate585758684035010.30684/etj.28.19.5ENMaan S. HassanZainab T. HadadShaymaa T.KadhimJournal Article20100901In this study, the compatibility of Metakaolin repair mortar and substrate concrete was investigated in three stages. First: individual properties of Metakaolin as a pozzolanic material and conventional repair materials(cement mortar), and two types of concrete, such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, were determined using standard ASTM test procedure. Second: the bond<br />strength of composite cylinder for different combinations of repair materials and substrate concrete were evaluated. Third: the compatibility was investigated using a composite beam of repair material and substrate concrete under third point loading.<br />The experimental results indicated that repairing weak substrate concrete by Metakaolin modified repair material is not preferable du to disparity in mechanical properties and create high level of mismatch between them. Furthermore, bond strength is considered as great influence factor on the success range of repair system.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Core Polarization Effects on the Inelastic Longitudinal C2 Form Factors of Open Sd-Shell Nuclei586958804035310.30684/etj.28.19.6ENAdel K. HamoudiAd A. RadhiGaith N. FlaiyhJournal Article20100901Inelastic longitudinal C2 form factors for + ® +1 1 0 1 2 1 and + ® +1 2 0 1 2 1<br />transitions in open sd shell nuclei (22Ne, 26Mg and 30Si ) are discussed taking<br />into accounot the effects of core polarization. These effects are calculated using<br />the shape of Tassie model together with our derived form of the ground state twobody<br />charge density distribution (2BCDD). Remarkable agreements are obtained<br />between the calculated inelastic longitudinal C2 form factors and those of<br />experimental data.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Influence of Deposition Condition on the Properties of Chemically Deposited Cu2O Film588158924035810.30684/etj.28.19.7ENAbdal-Satar KutherAli M. MousaJournal Article20100901Cuprous oxide films have been deposited by chemical bath method from<br />alkaline solution at pH=8.6.The deposited oxides were investigated using X-ray<br />diffraction, surface morphology, optical and electrical measurements. It is shown<br />that during deposition two different stages could be distinguished. the band gap of<br />the deposited film tuned from 2eV to 2.5 eV by decreasing deposition time. X-ray<br />diffraction (XRD) measurements showed formation of CuO and Cu2O phases, the<br />structure shows a thickness dependent. The grain size of as deposited and<br />annealed films at different temperatures were calculated from SEM data, The<br />results showed that the grain size of films increased with increasing deposition<br />time and annealing temperature. The resistivity of the films had significantly<br />decreased with increased deposition time, also films activation energy decreased<br />with increasing thicknessUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Effect of Elevated Temperature on Punching Shear of Regular and Irregular Shaped Self-Compacted Concrete Slabs589359064036210.30684/etj.28.19.8ENLuma Fadhil HJournal Article20100901The exposure of reinforced concrete slabs to high temperature causes changes<br />in their structural behavior.<br />This work aims to study the post-heating behavior of self compacted concrete<br />(SCC) regular (square) and irregular (trapezoidal) shaped flat plates and assessing<br />the residual punching shear strength of these slabs.<br />Twenty four reduced scale reinforced concrete slab specimens divided into<br />two main groups (square and trapezoidal slabs), each of which consists of twelve<br />slab identical in size and shape but different in concrete compressive strength<br />(30,50,70) MPa. These specimens are subjected to different temperature levels<br />(100, 300, 500) 0C and still heated in that temperature level for one hour using an<br />electric furnace and the results are compared with specimens tested at room<br />temperature 25 0C.<br />The effect of specimen shape, heating level, concrete compressive strength on<br />the punching shear resistance of slabs are discussed in details.<br />Results indicate that the reduction in punching shear strength is ranged between<br />(0 and 16) %, for square slab, at maximum temperature exposure (500) 0C, while<br />this rate is ranged between (6.3 and 40.4) % for trapezoidal slabs. This indicates<br />that the punching shear resistance of regular shaped slabs is higher than that of<br />irregular shaped slabs.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Design New Block Cipher Algorithm With New Concept590759184056210.30684/etj.28.19.9ENSaad K. MajeedMaki Mahdi AbdulhasanJournal Article20100901There are several techniques to safeguard the security of the information stored in<br />the computers or transmitted by networks; the most powerful tool is encryption.<br />Encryption provides confidentiality for information; additionally encryption can be<br />used to achieve integrity and availability. In this paper we design new Block cipher<br />algorithm with new concepts that are " encryption keys updating " where this result a<br />new approach not used in all the known block cipher algorithms which is " The same<br />key, encrypts the same plaintext multiple times and produces different cipher texts ",<br />also user does not inform anything about encryption keys, that giving the proposed<br />algorithm protection from the cheating of user and the secrecy of the encryption keys<br />remain only in Key Management Center (KMC), finally, this algorithm work<br />approximately as one-time pad.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Increased Damage to Uphill Rigid Pavements from Full- Trailers591959374058410.30684/etj.28.19.10ENSabah S. RazoukiId R. Al-MuhannaJournal Article20100901Design charts for truck equivalence factors for full-trailer on uphill rigid<br />pavements were developed for a terminal level of serviceability pt=2.5. Each chart<br />is devoted to a certain rigid pavement slab thickness giving the truck equivalence<br />factor versus the total weight of the full-trailer for an uphill gradient of 0, 6, 12<br />and 18% as well as a certain ratio of the height of center of gravity of each unit of<br />the full-trailer to the corresponding wheel base (H/B). Five values for slab<br />thickness were considered namely D = 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 inches (15.2, 20.3,<br />25.4, 30.5, 35.6 cm respectively) and one value for H/B ratio of 1.0 were used.<br />Due to axle load redistribution on upgrades, the axle loads for the full-trailers<br />were calculated assuming uniform motion and taking into account the effect of the<br />moment of the component of the weight of the tractor and trailer unit parallel to<br />the upgrade and acting at the center of gravity of each unit.A strong linear<br />correlation between the rolling resistance and total weight of the trailer unit was<br />obtained to arrive at the pull force in the rod when travelling on uphill pavements.<br />The paper reveals the significant effect of the upgrade magnitude as well as of<br />the H/B ratio on the truck equivalence factor. The truck equivalence factors<br />increase non-linearly with increasing truck weight, H/B ratio and upgrade<br />magnitude. This increase is quite significant for the higher values of upgrade, H/B<br />ratio as well as the slab thickness. The critical full-trailer is that having a total<br />weight exceeding about 400 kN beyond which the corresponding equivalency<br />factor on uphill pavement diverges significantly from that on level highway.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Removal of Phenol From Aqueous Solution By Agriculture Waste593859554058910.30684/etj.28.19.11ENTagreed Lutfee AJournal Article20100901Using agriculture waste products waste Tea (WT) and activated carbon<br />waste Tea (WT-GAC) as biosorbent for phenol from aqueous solution was<br />studied. Adsorption in this way more economical in comparison with other<br />conventional methods which are usually costly. Batch kinetics and isotherm<br />studies were carried out under varying experimental conditions of contact time,<br />phenol concentration, adsorbent dose and PH value. It was observed that the<br />adsorption process is instantaneous and attained equilibrium within 10 minutes for<br />activated carbon waste Tea and 30 minutes for waste Tea at phenol concentration<br />(100-600) mg/L. the adsorption of phenol increase with increasing the solution pH<br />value till pH 7 then it decrease with increasing pH value. The Freundlich and<br />Langmuir models were used for the mathematical description of adsorption<br />equilibrium and it was found that data fitted very well to the Freundlich models.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901T-Semi Connected Spaces595659594060210.30684/etj.28.19.12ENBushra Kadum AwaadHadi J. MustafaJournal Article20100901In this paper, we introduce a new concept, namely T-semi connected<br />space, where T is an operator associated with the topological T defined on a nonempty set X. Several properties of this concept are provedUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Spectral Eigenface Representation for Human Identification596059724075210.30684/etj.28.19.13ENHanaa M. SalmanComputer Science Depart, University of Technology/ Baghdad, IraqJournal Article20100901Human identification based on face images, as physical biometric means, plays an<br />imperative role in many applications area. The methods for human identification using<br />face image uses either part of the face, all face, or mixture from these methods, in either<br />time domain or frequency domain. This paper investigate the ability to implement the<br />eigenface in frequency domain, the result spectral eigenface is utilize as a feature vector<br />means for human identification. The converting from eigenface implementation in time<br />domain, into spectral eigenface implementation in frequency domain, is based on<br />implemented the correlation by using FFT. The Min-max is invoked as normalization<br />techniques that increase spectral eigenface robustness to variations in facial geometry<br />and illumination. Two face images are contrast in terms of their correlation distance. A<br />threshold (10.50x107) is used to restrict the impostor face image from being identified.<br />The experimental results point up the effectiveness of a new method in either using<br />varying (noisy images, unknown image, face expressions, illumine, and scale s), with<br />identification value of 100%.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900281920100901Development of A Fuel Card Application Using Basic Smart Card597360004075510.30684/etj.28.19.14ENHuda Fathil AlwanMohammed Najm AbdullahJournal Article20100901This work is devoted for smart card technology and focusing on software<br />and security. The main differences between smart card software and Personal<br />Computer software have been reviewed. The BasicCard is adopted to design<br />a Fuel Card Application; Fuel Card Application deals with the two parts of<br />smart card software namely, card side and host side. In the present technique<br />programs for Issuing Company, Card User and Fuel Card have been<br />developed. The threats those may attack a Fuel Card application were<br />analyzed then solutions have been proposed to fulfill the security<br />requirements; this is done by designing Fuel Card Application with security<br />which has different cryptographic algorithms that use different keys in a<br />single Fuel Card. Under ZeitControl BasicCard @Development Kit, two Fuel<br />Card Application models, with security and without security, were developed<br />and simulated using Professional BasicCard, memory and time of execution<br />for the two models have been compared. It is concluded that applying<br />security increases memory in not more than 25%, while the increase in the<br />execution time is about 60% but this increment is insignificant relative to the<br />inputting time