University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900301020120601Study of Some Optical, Electrical Properties of ZnO Thin Films Deposited by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis Method2282385702810.30684/etj.30.10.13ENBan Kalid MohumedJournal Article20120601In this research we prepared ZnO thin films by Spray pyrolysis method with<br /> thickness (300nm) on a glass substrates and study its optical and electric properties.<br /> The results of (X-Ray ) diffraction showed that the films have a polycrystalline<br /> structure , The Absorption and The transmission as a function of photon energy for<br /> ZnO films had been studied , The investigated of energy gap of the direct allowed<br /> transitions of ZnO film showed a value of (3.14 eV). The optical Absorption<br /> coefficients have been study as a function of Photon Energy.<br /> See beck measurements revealed that ZnO thin films are n-type.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900301020120601Influence of Microstructure on Abrasive Wear Resistance of Al-12 wt% Si Alloy2392475702910.30684/etj.30.10.14ENEman Adnan AnonJournal Article20120601Abrasive wear of as-cast Al-12 wt% Si alloy has been slid against SiC emery papers<br /> (grits 120 and 220). The wear rate and wear mechanism as a function of bearing<br /> pressure have been studied. The wear rate increased considerably with increasing the<br /> size of abrasive material. Detailed analysis of worn surface showed the formation of<br /> scratches and removal of debris particles by mechanism depended highly on bearing<br /> pressure and to less extent on emery paper. Increasing the bearing pressure resulted in<br /> the formation of debris without plastic deformation of the subsurface.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900301020120601Residual Stresses Sreated by Heat Treatment for Carbon Steel and their Effect on Mechanical Properties2482595703010.30684/etj.30.10.15ENKhamaal MuhssanMohamad Seed WheedJournal Article20120601This work aims to study the effect of residual stresses created by quenching<br /> processes on the fatigue behavior of low carbon steel .The quenching was achieved<br /> from a temperature of (900 °C) using water or oil as quenching medium.<br /> Quenching from a temperature of (850 °C) in oil was also used to produce dual<br /> phase steel. The specimens were divided into two groups, the first was subjected to<br /> tempering for (1 hr) at (200 °C) after quenching, and the second was without<br /> tempering. The results showed that the specimen which was quenched in water and<br /> tempered has the highest value of fatigue limit (356 MPa), and the specimen which<br /> was quenched in oil from (850 °C) and tempered showed a lower fatigue limit.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900301020120601An Experimental Study for the Effect of Vertical Forced Vibration on Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient166216765699710.30684/etj.30.10.1ENZena K. KadhimAhmed A. MohamedSarah Ali AbedJournal Article20120601In this research, an experimental study for the effect of forced vibrations on<br /> pool boiling heat transfer coefficient has been made in a glass of chamber<br /> cylindrical shape (75 mm bore and 300 mm length) and an electrical heater inside it<br /> (12 mm diameter and 80 mm length) to heat the distilled water at different values<br /> of heat flux (27.521 kW/m2-53.08 kW/m2) utilized to perform this work. The<br /> experimental study is carried out at a range of frequencies (2-40 Hz) and at a range<br /> of amplitude (1.8-3.5 mm).<br /> The result obtained showed that the pool boiling heat transfer coefficient is<br /> increasing with increasing the vibration frequency within a range of (2-14 Hz),<br /> compared with that heat transfer without frequency. And, the maximum<br /> enhancement ratio is about 250% at 5 Hz and q"=27.521 kW/m2, 231% at 6 Hz and<br /> q"=36.727 kW/m2, 181% at 6 Hz and q"=41.83 kW/m2 and 93% at 8 Hz and<br /> q"=53.08 kW/m2. In general, it is found that the difference in the temperature has<br /> been maintained at the highest value of vibration frequency range of (14-40 Hz),<br /> and the value of heat transfer coefficient is significantly increasing with increasing<br /> the vibration Reynolds number (Rev).<br /> The effect of vibration frequency has improved not only the boiling heat<br /> transfer coefficient, but also led to improve the amount of heat drawn by the<br /> cooling water (condensation) by increasing the amount of falling drops.<br /> The following empirical relations have been obtained between the experimental<br /> heat transfer coefficient with vibration (hv) and some of important parameters, such<br /> as excess temperature (ΔTexsses) in oC, input heat flux (q") in (W/m2), and vibration<br /> frequency (f) in Hz:<br /> hv = 0.246912 × f0.16534 × ΔT-0.92429 × q"1.0727 nd, the second correlation is (hv)<br /> with Reynolds vibration effect (Rev) and input heat flux (q") in<br /> (kW/m2)hv=499.747×Rev0.3576×q"-2.14University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900301020120601Assessing New Product Sustainability Index (NPSI) by Integrating Sustainability Aspects into the Early New Product Design Stages167716955699810.30684/etj.30.10.2ENAbdulamir Bektas WaliMahmoud Abbas MahmoudJamal Nasir H. Al KhatibJournal Article20120601Product design is one of the most important stages in the new product development<br /> process influencing global sustainability. However, the early design strategy offers the<br /> highest impact on sustainability, the need for using sustainable proactive approach in<br /> early design decisions could be the effective tool to achieve sustainability of new<br /> products. This paper presents a necessity of considering the sustainability aspects in<br /> pre-specification stages of new product design process, and introduces a modified<br /> methodology for establishing a single Index termed as New Product Sustainability<br /> Index (NPSI) which enables the designers to carry out a quick analysis of the<br /> alternatives of new product designs and make choices based on various criteria. The<br /> index aggregates (TBL) and R & D aspects of different types of quantitative and<br /> qualitative indicators and information objects from a product manufacturing point of<br /> view, into one single index. The sustainability matrix, aspects and criteria used in<br /> evaluating of (NPSI), is constructed in table form.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900301020120601Study On the Flexural and Impact Properties of Short Okra Natural Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Composites169617065699910.30684/etj.30.10.3ENAseel Mahmood AbdullahAhmed Mudhafar HashimJournal Article20120601The okra natural fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composites were prepared by<br /> hand-lay-up. The weight fractions of okra fiber are (1, 3, 6, 9, and 12% by weight<br /> wt). The flexural properties and impact resistance of composites were determined<br /> by the flexural and impact tests. The maximum modulus of elasticity is (844.93<br /> MPa) at the weight fraction of (12 % wt) of okra fiber, comparison with (91.25<br /> MPa) for virgin epoxy material. The maximum impact energy is (0.75 J) at the<br /> weight fraction of I(12 % wt) of okra fiber, comparison with (0.05 J) for virgin<br /> epoxy material.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900301020120601Comparative Study of Temperature Control in a Heat Exchanger Process170717315700010.30684/etj.30.10.4ENAfraa H. Al-TaeSafa A. Al-NaimiJournal Article20120601In the present work the dynamic behavior of a plate heat exchanger (PHE)<br /> (single pass counter current consists of 24 plates) studied experimentally and<br /> theoretically to control the system. Different control strategies; conventional<br /> feedback control, classical fuzzy logic control, artificial neural network (NARMAL2)<br /> control and PID fuzzy logic control were implemented to control the outlet<br /> cold water temperature. A step change was carried in the hot water flow rate which<br /> was considered as a manipulated variable. The experimental heat transfer<br /> measurements of the PHE showed that the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) is<br /> related to the hot water flow rate (mh) by a correlation having the form:<br /> U mh<br /> 0.7158 =11045<br /> In this work the PHE model was found theoretically as a first order lead and<br /> second order overdamped lag while the experimental PHE represented dynamically<br /> (by PRC method) as a first order with negligible dead time value. A comparison<br /> between the experimental and the theoretical model is carried out and good<br /> agreement is obtained. The performance criteria used for different control modes<br /> are the integral square error (ISE) and integral time-weighted absolute error (ITAE)<br /> where the ITAE gave better performance. As well as the parameters of the step<br /> performance of the system such as overshoot value, settling time and rise time are<br /> used to evaluate the performance of different control strategies. The PID fuzzy<br /> controller gave better control results of temperature rather than PI, PID and<br /> artificial neural network controller since PID fuzzy controller combines the<br /> advantages of a fuzzy logic controller and a PID controller. MATLAB program<br /> version 7.10 was used as a tool of simulation for all the studies mentioned in this<br /> work.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900301020120601Mining Tutors’ Interesting Areas to Develop Researched Papers Using A Proposed Educational Data Mining System173217485700410.30684/etj.30.10.5ENReem Jafar IsmailJournal Article20120601Educational Data Mining (EDM) is the process of converting raw data from<br /> educational systems to useful information that can be used by educational software<br /> developers, students, teachers, parents, and other educational researchers. One of<br /> the difficulties in the educational institutes that face the tutor is how to write a<br /> paper. This work aims to help the tutor to write a researched paper on specific<br /> subject by finding another tutor who is also inter<br /> ested in the same subject. This is done by exploring the tutor database by using<br /> the proposed educational data mining system, the tutor database is arranged in<br /> multidimensional form will include: tutor’s teaching subjects, tutor’s interesting<br /> areas, tutor’s published researches, tutor’s Msc. and Ph.D research subjects. The<br /> proposed system implements SMC and Cosine similarity measures with new<br /> proposed representation of tutor’s database. A clustering K-Means techniques and<br /> associated rule generation is implemented by using WEKA data mining tool. The<br /> results obtained from that work are very useful for tutor and they give a rich<br /> analysis for developing researched papers for different tutors.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900301020120601Diffusion of Salt Water and Alkaline Solutions in Polyester Reinforced by Glass Fibers174917565700610.30684/etj.30.10.6ENWafaa Mahdi SalihRand Mohamad AliJournal Article20120601The solubility and kinetics of moisture transport mechanisms in type of resin and<br /> fibers have been investigated the physical tests group comprised the determination of<br /> diffusion coefficient (D) of (0.3 salt water), (0.5 NaOH), (0.5 KOH). The study has<br /> been oriented to investigate a theme that has a crucial interest in most industrial<br /> applications, also the effect of (Salt water, NaOH, KOH) on the composites. The<br /> composite plate contains two type of fibers, the first type: polyester-woven fiber and<br /> the second type: polyester–(random+woven) fibers. The result shows the solution<br /> would be absorbed in the first type more than that in second type. Because of the<br /> fiber/matrix interface plays the role of a channel for a solution to penetrate into the<br /> composite; this penetration normally starts at cut edges. This type of channels found in<br /> the composites, , while alkaline solutions has effect on the composites. Salt water and<br /> NaOH, in composites are more than their identical in KOH, Since polyester has high<br /> resistance to alkine as. The diffusivity coefficient of saltwater in UP s is larger than<br /> that of NaOH and KOHUniversity of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900301020120601Finding the Optimal Solution of Fuzzy Transportation Problems175717655700810.30684/etj.30.10.7ENAseel Hammed Abed SaddaJournal Article20120601The paper investigates fuzzy transportations problem with the aid of<br /> trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. For finding the initial solution of this problem we have<br /> preferred the fuzzy least costs method and ranking method, also the optimal<br /> solution by using fuzzy multipliers method has been carried out. A new relevant<br /> numerical example was also included.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900301020120601Potentiality of Waste Water Reuse in Iraq176617825701010.30684/etj.30.10.8ENKarim Khalaf. EL- JumailyMustafa Wajdi JalalJournal Article20120601Reusing of treated wastewater effluent, which is normally discharged to the<br /> environment from municipal waste water treatment plants, is receiving an<br /> increasing attention as a reliable water resource. The volume of this resource may<br /> be worthily taken into consideration in the planning and implementations of water<br /> resources projects.<br /> Currently most of the Middle East countries have developed their own<br /> experience in this field, however, among these countries Iraq has nothing to do in<br /> this field, a case which make one feels sorrowful. Therefore, in this work, such<br /> techniques have been analytically discussed, and handy systems of drip irrigation<br /> methods for using treated waste water in Iraq have been proposed. Moreover, in<br /> this paper, a pioneer research study has been carried out as a leading effort on this<br /> promising field of recycling wastewater usage in Iraq.<br /> For the time being, it has been detected that about 1 million cubic meters in<br /> the city of Baghdad only is disposed every day to Tigris river after getting<br /> secondary treatment, It has been shown that in 2020 the amount of wastewater in<br /> the city of Baghdad may increased to as much as (4388264) m3/day, which (if<br /> treated) may irrigate as much as (43882)hectare of industrial crops, or to be used<br /> for planting a green belt of trees surrounding the whole city of Baghdad, this<br /> could help in damping the dust storms which became a predominant phenomena<br /> in the last few years.<br /> It is also shown that the concept of decentralization sewage treatment plants<br /> and separation of gray water in source may be the most dare steps to be taken by<br /> the authorities to comply with the new era of water reuse management in Iraq.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900301020120601Influence of Currents Density and Gap Size on Metal Removal Rate and Surface Roughness in Electrochemical Machining (ECM)178317965701910.30684/etj.30.10.9ENHiba Husien AlwanSaad Kariem ShatherJournal Article20120601Electrochemical machining one of non traditional method which is used to<br /> machine a complex shape such as that uses the chemical reaction associated with<br /> electric current to remove metals. In this study the ECM was used to remove the<br /> metals from the internal hole of the workpiece (medium carbon steel) by immersing it<br /> in electrolyte (250g of NaCl for every litter of H2O) with tool is made of brass.<br /> The,m research focuses on the effect of the change in gap dimensions and the<br /> currents density on the metal removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness of the<br /> workpiece the results obtained show that increasing of gap size between the tool and<br /> the workpiece from (1 to 3mm) leads to increase the surface roughness (46%) and<br /> while the material removal rate (MRR) decreases (16%) at a current density (2.856<br /> Amp/cm2). Also increasing of the current density from (2.4485 to 3.6728 Amp/cm2),<br /> the surface roughness of the workpiece decreases (31%) while the Material Removal<br /> Rate (MRR) increases (93.9%) at a gap size of (1mm).University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900301020120601Optimization of liquid-liquid Extraction Column Using Genetic Algorithms179718105702310.30684/etj.30.10.10ENAli D. AliJournal Article20120601In the present study, liquid-liquid extraction column was optimized using Genetic<br /> Algorithms as a non-conventional optimization technique, which scores over<br /> conventional techniques. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a stochastic search technique<br /> mimics the principle of natural genetics and natural selection to constitute search and<br /> optimization. Genetic Algorithm is applied to the optimal design of liquid-liquid<br /> extraction column to maximize the extraction rate using the superficial velocities of<br /> raffinate and extract phases, (υx, υy) respectively as design variables using Matlab GA<br /> toolbox. Different Genetic Algorithm strategies were used for optimization and the<br /> design parameters such as Population size, crossover rate and Mutation were studied. It<br /> was found that for constant distribution coefficient, m the convergence is obtained in a<br /> very few generations (51 generations). The effect of distribution coefficient, m was<br /> also studied on the optimization process and found that when increasing the<br /> distribution coefficient the optimum extraction rate increased. The best values for υx<br /> and υy were 0.142 and 0.059 respectively, and the objective function (maximum) was<br /> 0.2844187.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900301020120601Imaging with Hexagonal Segmented Mirror181118155702510.30684/etj.30.10.11ENFouad N. HassanA.T. MohammedA. J. TawfiqJournal Article20120601Different hexagons configuration aperture models of the optical telescope<br /> mirror is carefully considered in this study. The point spread function and the<br /> modulation transfer function of a reference star using different hexagons<br /> configuration are computed and the quantitative assessment for the results are<br /> described. It has been shown that the height of the point spread function decreases<br /> rapidly when the area of the circular aperture of the optical telescope is 18 times<br /> the area of the individual hexagon to be arrange to fill this aperture. No significant<br /> change has been noticed as the area of the this aperture exceeds 121 times the area<br /> of the individual hexagon.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900301020120601STATCOM Application on the Iraqi (400kv) Super Grid Network with Power Oscillation Damping(POD) & Proportional Integral (PI) Controller181618425702710.30684/etj.30.10.12ENRaaed Faleh HassanAhmed Wahab Abdul RazzaqJournal Article20120601Flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) can provide control more than<br /> conventional control and achieve fast control response time, STATCOM is a shunt<br /> FACTS device it is used to voltage control and increase the performance of the system.<br /> In this paper STATCOM is used to improve the voltage magnitude and stability for the<br /> Iraqi (400KV) super grid network byusing MATLAB/SIMULINK. STATCOM is<br /> connected to Iraqi (400kv) super gridnetworkwhich is consisting of twenty four buses,<br /> eleven generators, eleven step up transformers fromeach generator side, twenty step<br /> down transformers from each load side and twenty loads.The loads variation through<br /> the seasons of the year causesdrop voltage on the buses of the network.To return the<br /> voltage to the rated value (400kv) STATCOM is used for this purpose. STATCOM<br /> provides suitable reactive power to the network to compensate the drop voltage on the<br /> buses, in the same time when the STATCOM improves the voltage there are large<br /> oscillations. These oscillations are handled by using power oscillation damping (POD)<br /> and proportional integral (PI) controller with the STATCOM.Each of thepower<br /> oscillation damping (POD) and Proportional integral (PI) controller is connected inside<br /> current regulator of the STATCOM device.The performance of the (POD) and (PI) in<br /> cancelation the oscillations is compared.