University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900311520130901Utilization of Remote Sensing Data and GIS Applications for Determination of the Land Cover Change in Karbala Governorate277327878326410.30684/etj.31.15A.1ENAbdul Razzak T. ZiboonImzahim Abdulkareem AlwanAlaa Ghadhban KhalafJournal Article20130901This study was conducted to determine the land cover changes between year 1976<br /> and year 2011 in Karbala Governorate by using an integrated approach of remote<br /> sensing data and GIS applications for investigation of the spatial and temporal<br /> changes. A part of Karbala Governorate, whose Area is 768 km2 was selected as study<br /> area.<br /> Four cloud free Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+, and SPOT scenes covering the study<br /> area were selected for analysis. Images were acquired in years 1976, 1990, 2001, and<br /> 2011 respectively. All images which mentioned above are rectified and registered in<br /> Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection zone 38 N and supervised image<br /> classification system has been observed to classify the images in different land cover<br /> categories. Six land cover classes have been identified and used to determine the<br /> change in land cover in study area and these classes are: Agricultural land, Water<br /> bodies, Urban Area, Sand dunes, Bare soil, and Waterlogged Area. According to the<br /> results obtained from statistics of classification, it was observed that most changes<br /> occurred in heterogeneous agricultural areas. It is thought that the main reasons of this<br /> change are increasing population pressure, increasing sand dunes, appearance and<br /> increasing waterlogged area and changing economic activities. Those reasons have<br /> been led to the decrease of the agricultural areas in study area during period from year<br /> 2001 to 2011.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900311520130901Investigation of the Total Energy Losses for Si and Sic Shottky Diodes278828048326510.30684/etj.31.15A.2ENBrzo Aziz QadirJournal Article20130901This research serves as basis to investigate the total energy losses in DC-DC<br /> converter circuit. The circuit used for the investigation was the inductive load<br /> chopper circuit .Two diodes were used one is the Silicon PiN diode (8A/600V) the<br /> other is Silicon Carbide Schottky diode (6A/600V).The waveforms of current and<br /> voltage diode under test ( DUT) and IGBT are measured respectively and<br /> compared them with the simulation results. The gate resistance G R was also<br /> changed to further investigate the effect of di/dt of the DUT current during turnon<br /> of the switch on the total energy losses in the system.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900311520130901Enhancement of a Power System Transient Stability Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM280528158326610.30684/etj.31.15A.3ENNaseer M. YasinMustafa M. Al-EedanyJournal Article20130901In modern power system utilities, increased power demand often lead to the<br /> situation where the system no longer remains in secure operating region. Flexible AC<br /> Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers can play an important roll in power<br /> system security enhancement. The goal of FACTS devices study is to measure their<br /> impact on the state of the electrical networks into which they are introduced. Their<br /> principal function is to improve the static and dynamic properties of the electrical<br /> networks and that by increasing the margins of static and dynamic stability. In this<br /> paper the modeling of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) within<br /> Newton-Raphson power flow equations has been presented, discussed, implemented<br /> and the transient stability of a power system was tested when three phase fault is<br /> applied at a certain branch of the power system. Case studies are carried out on a 5-<br /> bus and a 30-bus test systems to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900311520130901The Hydraulic and Environmental operation for the Main Outfall Drain, Ad Dalmaj Lake and Al Hammar Marsh System281628388326710.30684/etj.31.15A.4ENMuhannad J. Al KazwiniMahmoud S. Al KhafajiKhulood J. HussainJournal Article20130901Iraqi Marshlands which are located within the southern part of Iraq were dried<br /> after 1991. The dried marshes were re-flooded after year 2003. Because of the<br /> shortage of water that feeds the marshes during the last years, these marshes began<br /> to dry again. Therefore, finding new feeding sources became very necessary matter.<br /> The Main Outfall Drain, MOD, is suggested to be one of these sources to feed Al<br /> Hammar Marsh during the dry water years. Ad Dalmaj Lake which is located<br /> upstream of Al Hammar Marsh is mainly feeding by the MOD water and then the<br /> outfall of this lake is discharge again into the MOD. Therefore, the hydrological<br /> operation of this lake and then the quantity and quality of the outflow water from<br /> this lake into the MOD affected the water quality of Al Hammar Marsh when using<br /> the MOD water to feed the marsh.<br /> A hydrological and water quality routing model was prepared based on mass<br /> conservation low, mass balance model, and two scenarios were applied for Ad<br /> Dalmaj Lake feeding, constant inflow with variable outflow and constant outflow<br /> with variable inflow, based on the incoming and outgoing discharges. Each<br /> scenario includes six cases of lake maximum inundation area; 100%, 90%, 80%,<br /> 70%, 60% and minimum inundation. For each case the inundation area varied with<br /> respect to the ET0 variation from minimum area during the month of maximum ET0<br /> to maximum area, of this case, during the month of minimum ET0. TDS<br /> concentration was used as a measure of the salinity of the water because it fairly<br /> indicates the level of salinity problem. The variation of inflow and outflows<br /> discharges, water level, lake and marsh area, storage volume, and the water salinity<br /> within the lake and marsh were<br /> Results of applying these models with these flow scenarios and inundation<br /> cases show that the water salinity within Ad Dalmaj Lake and Al Hammar Marsh<br /> was out of the acceptable range of international standards for most of the studied<br /> cases. While for other cases it was unpalatable for drinking, several restrictions<br /> must be imposed when used for irrigation to prevent salts effects on crops, soil, and<br /> ground water, and not acceptable for livestock and unfit for poultry in most of the<br /> months during two operation years and in some months in the beginning of the first<br /> year, the water can be used for growing livestock and poultry.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900311520130901Effect of Stress Level of Surrounding Soil on Bored Pile Capacity in Sand283928598326810.30684/etj.31.15A.5ENKais T. ShlashMohammed A. MahmoudSaif I. AkoobiJournal Article20130901This study deals with assessing the effect of stress level on bearing capacity<br /> factor , distribution of shear stresses at soil-pile interface along pile shaft, and<br /> presence of critical depth concept for bored piles axially loaded in compression and<br /> embedded in dense sand. These investigations are made using finite element method<br /> with the employment of a wide range of stresses by using piles with dimensions<br /> starting from laboratory dimensions and goes towards field dimensions with<br /> embedment ratio range from (15-40). The soil and the interface behavior is<br /> modeled using Duncan-Chang hyperbolic soil model with empirical equations<br /> account for reduction of angle of internal friction ø with increasing in stress level.<br /> Bored pile is modeled as a linear elastic material. The results showed a dramatic<br /> decrease in bearing capacity factor as length of pile increase. It was also found<br /> that the embedment ratio has a significant effect in increasing bearing capacity<br /> factor , and the distribution of shear stresses at soil-pile interface is not linear and<br /> does not tend to take a constant value beyond a certain depth of pile nor decreases<br /> after a certain depth along pile shaft. The fallacy of critical depth also noticed and<br /> discussed in this paper.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900311520130901Hydrodynamics in a Trickle Bed Reactor286028758326910.30684/etj.31.15A.6ENMuhammad Fadel AbdFarah Talib JasimLuma Shihab AhmedJournal Article20130901Experimental investigations have been carried out to study the performance of<br /> trickle bed reactor. The effect of key parameters that play predominate role in the<br /> performance of trickle bed reactor was studied. A laboratory unit was constructed<br /> for this purpose where a versatile reactor setup required " high pressure stainless<br /> steel reactor of 0.05m i.d × 1.25m height", in which the hydrodynamic<br /> experiments carried out under different operating condition namely, superficial gas<br /> velocity and liquid velocity , reactor pressure, bed temperature .Air–water system<br /> was used for hydrodynamic experiments pressure drop, dynamic liquid holdup, and<br /> axial dispersion coefficients were estimated. The results also show that the<br /> dynamic liquid holdup increases with increasing liquid velocity and decreases<br /> with increasing superficial gas velocity and bed temperature. Axial dispersion<br /> tends to increase with increasing superficial gas and liquid velocities while it<br /> decreases with increasing bed temperature.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900311520130901Studying the Parameters of EDM Based Micro- Cutting Holes Using ANOVA287628848327010.30684/etj.31.15A.7ENShukry H. AghdeabLaith A. MohammedJournal Article20130901Micro -EDM is one of an important method in machining holes which is used in wide<br /> applications to fabricate medical devices and small dies. This work study the process of<br /> producing micro holes for copper alloy workpieces using, stainless steel electrode<br /> and dielectric solution (tap water), using DC current and low voltage (70V) to cut<br /> (0.7mm) thickness of copper (Cu) alloy workpieces in order to obtain the micro holes.<br /> This work included an experimental work for electrical discharge machining<br /> (EDM) to produce micro holes with different diameters (400, 300, 210, 200, 120,<br /> 100, 85, 75, 70) μm.<br /> The objective of this work is to obtain an optimal setting of EDM parameters to<br /> produce micro holes in copper alloy to achieve the optimal values of required holes<br /> diameters.<br /> A regression model has been developed to represent this process. An approach<br /> has been made to optimize the process parameters (current, gap distance, machining<br /> time) using ANOVA analysis. This analysis was performed to obtain the most<br /> significant factors influencing the production of micro holes.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900311520130901Experimental and Numerical Study of CO2 Corrosion in Carbon Steel288529048327110.30684/etj.31.15A.8ENDalia M. JomaaAli H. JawadRana A.MajedJournal Article20130901This research involves study corrosion of low carbon steel under static and flow<br /> conditions at 200L/h in the absence and presence of CO2 at two rates 9 and 30 ml/min<br /> at four temperatures by electrochemical method using potentiostat. Numerical model<br /> was achieved to compare between the experimental and theoretical results to estimate<br /> corrosion rate. The results show that the presence of CO2 under static conditions<br /> shifts the Ecorr toward noble direction, while under flow condition the presence of CO2<br /> shift Ecorr toward active or noble direction at two rates of gas. The data of corrosion<br /> rate in mm/y indicate that the presence of CO2 with two flow rate increased the rate<br /> compared with the case of absence of CO2 under static conditions except one case,<br /> while under flow conditions, the presence of 9 ml/min. CO2 increases the corrosion<br /> rate, while the presence of 30 ml/min. CO2 decreases the rate because of formation<br /> FeCO3 scale except at 298K. A Mathematical model was done which show the<br /> volumetric flow rate of CO2 and finally the corrosion rate of CO2 correlated with<br /> dimensionless groups and independent parameters.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900311520130901Effect of Filler Type on some Physical and Mechanical Proparties of Carbon Fibers / Polyester Composites290529248327210.30684/etj.31.15A.9ENOsama Sultan MuhammedAbbas Khammas HusseinRuaa Haitham Abdel-RahimJournal Article20130901In the present study, traditional and hybrid composites were prepared by Hand lay-up<br /> molding and investigated. The composites constituents were unsaturated polyester resin<br /> as the matrix, 3% and 6% volume fractions of carbon fibers as reinforcement and 3% of<br /> Al2O3, Al, Cement and local Gypsum (calcium sulfate anhydrate CaSO4) as filler<br /> particles. The investigated physical properties were density, porosity while the<br /> mechanical properties were tensile properties, bending modulus of elasticity. The<br /> experimental results showed that increased volume fraction of carbon fibers to (6%) led<br /> to increase in physical properties (density, porosity. As for the mechanical properties,<br /> carbon fiber composites and (3% carbon fibers/Al2O3)-contained hybrid composites gave<br /> the higher tensile and fracture strength, carbon fiber then gypsum composites gave the<br /> higher bending modulus.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900311520130901A Study of Mechanical Properties of Polymethl Methacrylate Polymer Reinforced by Silica Particles (Sio2)292529408327310.30684/etj.31.15A.10ENJawad Kadhim OleiwiFarhad Mohammad O.KushnawIsraa Faisal QhazeJournal Article20130901In this research the mechanical properties of PMMA polymer reinforced by<br /> ceramic particles (silica) has been investigated. Many tests are performed on these<br /> composites. The effects of the particles size and volume fraction on the mechanical<br /> properties which include: ultimate tensile strength, elongation percentage, modulus<br /> of elasticity, bending modulus, flexural strength, max. shear stress, impact strength<br /> and fracture toughness were studied.<br /> Statistical and mathematical analyses were used to the processing of the<br /> experimental data. Mathematical models were done which show the mechanical<br /> properties of composite materials as a function of particles size and volume<br /> fraction.<br /> The results had revealed that the values of modulus of elasticity, elongation<br /> percentage, tensile strength, bending modulus and max. shear stress increase with<br /> the addition of SiO2 particles and with the increase of the volume fraction of them<br /> and its reach the maximum value at (12% vol.) and (25 mm) particles size. The<br /> values of fracture toughness and impact energy decrease with increase of volume<br /> fraction. Silica particles with small particles size improved these properties more<br /> than that of large particles size.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900311520130901Hydraulic Bulge Test of Al and Copper Tubes294129598327410.30684/etj.31.15A.11ENAzal Rifaat IsmailSami Abbas HammoodJournal Article20130901This work aims to find forming limit diagram and mechanical properties<br /> experimentally to measure formability by hydraulic bulge test and tensile test, and<br /> determination the values of the bursting pressure and final thickness in the final<br /> stage at bursting experimentally and numerically by using program (ANSYS 11) to<br /> perform numerical simulation for copper and aluminum alloy (6060) tubes before<br /> and after heat treatment by hydraulic bulge test.<br /> In this work, used two types of tubes with dimensions for copper of<br /> (L0=150mm, d0 = 41.275mm, t0 = 1.06mm) and for aluminum alloy (6060) are<br /> (L0=150mm, d0 = 60mm, t0 = 2 mm). Applied heat treatment (annealing) of copper<br /> and aluminum tubes at temperature (450°C, 400°C).the holding time in the furnace<br /> was 1 hour and then cooled in the furnace. Has been printed square grid by screen<br /> method with dimensions (5x5 mm) for copper and aluminum tubes before and after<br /> heat treatment and with dimensions (2.5x2.5 mm) for tensile samples of copper and<br /> aluminum before and after heat treatment. Strain Measurement accomplished by<br /> using image processing technology using MATLAB by measuring the dimensions<br /> of the grid printed before and after the deformation and then measure the true strain<br /> on tensile samples and tubes used in the tensile test and hydraulic bulge test before<br /> and after heat treatment.<br /> The results show that, the values of the bursting pressure and final thickness in<br /> the final stage at bursting for copper tube before and after treatment is (29MPa,<br /> 27MPa)،( 0.892mm, 0.621 mm) and for aluminum tube before and after treatment<br /> is (19MPa, 16MPa),( 1.789mm, 1.4872 mm). Increasing formability and<br /> decreasing bursting pressure of tubes after heat treatment of increasing the strain<br /> hardening exponent (n) of tubes.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900311520130901Reduction of Chemical Effects of Swelling and Shrinkage Phenomenaon of a Boiler in Steam Power Plants Using Silicon Antifoam296029818327510.30684/etj.31.15A.12ENRaheek I. IbrahimJournal Article20130901The swelling /shrinkage are complex phenomenon in the steam power plants.<br /> One of the important reasons is the chemical effects, which causes a bubble<br /> formation and hence serious foaming carryover problems in the boiler. The present<br /> work is devoted to study and measure the chemical effects of the swelling and<br /> shrinkage phenomena due to the disturbance of the variables in the drum boiler of<br /> steam generation unit. The problem was studied and analyzed to find a suitable<br /> solution to reduce the foaming carryover, and hence to control the swelling and<br /> shrinkage phenomena. The theoretical part is describing the mathematical model<br /> for the boiler variables. The drum pressure and drum level at different load<br /> demands of boiler were measured experimentally. The feed water was treated<br /> carefully in order to study the reduction of foam produced from a small amount of<br /> lubricant oil in the boiler water. The foam was treated using silicon antifoam [SN<br /> 6010]. The experimental results proved that the silicon antifoam is efficient to<br /> remove the foam completely and then reduce the disturbance in the pressure by<br /> 18.6% and the reduction in swelling and shrinkage was by 29.4%, and 16%<br /> respectively.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900311520130901Behavior of Steel Plate Girders with Web Openings Loaded in Shear298229968327610.30684/etj.31.15A.13ENMay J. HamoodiMarwa S. Abdul GabarJournal Article20130901The structural behavior of three steel plate girders under shear is studied. The first<br /> one is the reference plate girder (G) which is prepared without web openings, and the<br /> second one (GO) is fabricated to contain circular opening at the center of each web panel,<br /> the diameter of the opening is 60% of the web depth, while the third plate girder (GOR)<br /> is with reinforced strip welded around the circular web openings. The aspect ratio of the<br /> panels is one and they all have the same dimensions. The experimental results obtained<br /> from second and third plate girders have been compared with those obtained from the<br /> reference plate girder. The comparison indicates that the reduction in the ultimate shear<br /> load for plate girder with web opening is 51% and for the plate girder with reinforced<br /> web opening is 35%. Also through the experimental results, new formulas are presented<br /> to predict the ultimate shear load of perforated steel girders with large openings.<br /> A nonlinear finite element analysis is carried out for the tested plate girders using the<br /> package software program (ANSYS V.11). The analytical results contain the ultimate<br /> shear capacity and Von Mises stress distribution. The results of finite element models are<br /> compared with results of experimental tests. The difference in ultimate shear load was<br /> 10%, 9% and 1.5% for plate girders GO, GOR and G, respectively. Also a parametric<br /> study with varying size of the reinforcement around the web openings is performed by<br /> using the ANSYS program, and it is found that the thickness of the reinforcement strip<br /> has higher effect than its width on the ultimate shear capacity of perforated plate girder.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900311520130901Transparency as a Type of Articulation in Contemporary Architectural Production2642838327710.30684/etj.31.15A.14ENSuha Hassan AL DahwiZamanWaddaa KadhemJournal Article20130901Many previous studies dealt with the concept of transparency in architecture has<br /> emerged importance of the formal and moralaspects in achieving the concept of<br /> transparency, also focused on each concept detailed, varied in adopting the concept<br /> as afeature design lead and certain functions and on this basis was established trend<br /> has pursued research to study the concept of transparency in contemporary<br /> architectural production. The research problemrepresented by (there is a lack of<br /> knowledge about the concept of transparency as articulationfeature in<br /> contemporary architecturaloutput), the objective of this research isrepresented by<br /> clarify the most important characteristics of the transparencyconcept as<br /> articulationfeature in contemporary architectureoutput. The research adopted a<br /> method to achieve the objective and reached to the conclusions and<br /> recommendations.University of Technology-IraqEngineering and Technology Journal1681-6900311520130901Gear Design with the Aid of Computer and Drawing the Involutes Curve by Using ACAD2842958327810.30684/etj.31.15A.15ENAbdulrahman A. GattJournal Article20130901This research involve with creating a program in basic language after modulating<br /> the equations which describes the coordinates of any point lays on the involute<br /> curvature. With the aid of a subroutine program, the main program transmits the<br /> resultant data to a "dxf" file in order to be useful in using with any package under<br /> AutoCAD. After that it's easy to get a precise drawing for the involute of the gear<br /> under concern. The resulting drawing can be used to produce the deferent types of<br /> gears tools.