Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Electrochemical Engineering, University of Technology - Iraq
2 Electromechanical Engineering Department, University of Technology - Iraq
Abstract
The flow of crude oil in pipelines suffers from a problem of fluid flow pressure drop and high-energy consumption for pumping especially in low temperatures environment. Flow can be enhanced using viscosity either reduction or drag reduction techniques. Drag reduction is considered as the most effective and most applicable method. The technique contributes in reducing the frictional energy losses during the flow by addition of little doses of materials knowing as drag-reducing agents. The present work focuses on more recent and most applicable drag-reducing agents used in crude oil flow enhancement via pipelines.
Keywords
Main Subjects
[1] M.H. Hassanean, M.E. Awad, H. Marwan, A.A.
Bhran, M. Kaoud, “Studying the rheological properties
and the influence of drag reduction on a waxy crude oil
in pipeline flow,” Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, Vol.
25, No. 1, pp. 39-44, 2016.
[2] M.L. Costalonga, B.V. Loureiro, and E.J. Soares,
“Drag reducing flows by polymer solutions in annular
spaces,” Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol.140, No.5,
2018.
[3] A. Eshghinejadfard, K. Sharma, and D. Thevenin,
“Effect of polymer and fiber additives on pressure drop
in rectangular channel,” Journal of Hydrodynamics,
Vol. 29, No. 5, pp.871-878, 2017.
[4] E.O. Akindoyo and H.A. Abdulbari, “Investigating
the Drag Reduction Performance of Rigid Polymer–
Carbon Nanotubes Complexes,” Journal of Applied
Fluid Mechanics , Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 1041-1049, 2016.
[5] L. Mucharam, S. Rahmawati and R.
Ramadhani, “Drag reducer selection for oil pipeline
based laboratory experiment,” Modern Applied
Science, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp.112-121, 2018.
[6] R.M.S. Marmy, A.B. Hayder, and M.Y. Rosli,
“Improving the flow in pipelines by Cocosnucifera
fiber waste,” International Journal of Physical Sciences,
vol. 7, No. 26, pp. 4073-4080, 2012.
[7] B. Pouranfard, D. Mowla, and F. Esmaeilzadeh,
“An experimental study of drag reduction by
nanofluids through horizontal pipe turbulent flow of a
Newtonian liquid,” Journal of Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 20, No. 2 , pp. 633-637,
2014.
[8] N.J. Kim, S. Kim, S.H. Lim, K. Chen and W.
Chun, “Measurement of drag reduction in polymer
added turbulent flow,” International Communications
in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 36, No. 10, pp.1014-
1019, 2009.
[9] A. Al-Sarkhi, “Drag reduction with polymers in
gas-liquid/liquid-liquid flows in pipes,” Journal of
Natural Gas Science and Engineering, vol 2, pp. 41-
48, 2010.
[10] D. Cao, Ch. Li, H. Li, and F. Yang, “Effect of
dispersing time on the prediction equation of drag
reduction rate and its application in the short distance
oil pipeline,” Petroleum Science and Technology
Journal, Vol.3 6, No. 16, pp. 1312-1318, 2018.
[11] Z. Yousif , “Drag Reduction Study of Xathan
Gum with Polydiallyldimethylammonium Chloride
(PDDAC) Solutions in Turbulent Flow,” Engineering
and Technology Journal, Vol. 36, No. 8 (A), pp. 891-
899, 2018.
[12] I. Zadrazil, A. Bismarck, G.F. Hewitt, and C.N.
Markides, “Shear layers in the turbulent pipe flow of
drag reducing polymer solutions,”Chemical
Engineering Science, Vol., No.72 , pp. 142-154, 2012.
[13] S.S. Salehudin and S. Ridha, “Coconut Residue
as Biopolymer Drag Reducer Agent in Water Injection
System,” International Journal of Applied Engineering
Research, Vol. 11, No.13, pp. 8037-8040, 2015.
[14] B. Yu, F. Li, and Y. Kawaguchi, “Numerical and
experimental investigation of turbulent characteristics
in a drag-reducing flow with surfactant
additives,” International Journal of Heat and Fluid
Flow Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 961-974, 2004.
[15] R.I. Ibrahim, M.K. Oudah, and A.F. Hassan,
“Viscosity reduction for flowability enhancement in
Iraqi crude oil pipelines using novel capacitor and
locally prepared nanosilica,” Journal of Petroleum
Science and Engineering, Vol. 156, pp. 356-365, 2017.
[16] N.J. Kim, S. Kim, S.H. Lim, Kuan Chen, and W.
Chun, “Measurement of drag reduction in polymer
added turbulent flow,” International Communications
in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 36, No. 10 , pp.1014-
1019, 2009.
[17] B.A. Toms, “Some Observations on the Flow of
Linear Polymer Solutions through Straight Tubes at
Large Reynolds Numbers,” 1st. Int. Conference on.
Rheology, pp. 135-141, North Holland, Amsterdam,
1949.
[18] R.C.R. Figueredo and E. Sabadini, “Fire Fighting
Foam Stability: the Effect of the Drag Reducer
Poly(ethylene) oxide,” Colloids and Surfaces
A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 215,
No. 1–3, pp. 77–86, March, 2003 .
[19] M.A. Yaar, A. Soleimani, B.A. Sharkh, U.A.
Mubaiyedh, and A.A. Sarkhi, “Effect of drag reducing
polymers on oil–water flow in a horizontal
pipe,” International Journal of Multiphase Flow,
Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 516-524, 2009.
[20] M.W. Liberatore, S. Baik, A.J. Mchugh, and T.J.
Hanratty,“Turbulent drag reduction of polyacrylamide
solutions: effect of degradation on molecular weight
distribution,” Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid
Mechanics, Vol. 123, No. 2–3, pp. 175-183, November,
2004.
[21] P.K. Ptasinski, F.T.M. Nieuwstadt, B.H.A.A.
Brule and M.A. Hulsen, “Experiments in turbulent pipe
flow with polymer additives at maximum drag
reduction,” Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, Vol.
66, No. 2, pp. 159-182, 2001.
[22] A.A. Khadom and A.A. HadI, “Performance of
polyacrylamide as drag reduction polymer of crude
petroleum flow,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, Vol.
5, No. 3, pp. 861-865, September 2014.
[23] S.A. Vanapalli, M.T. Islam, and M.J. Solomon,
“Scission-induced bounds on maximum polymer drag
reduction in turbulent flow,” Physics of Fluids, Vol. 17,
No. 9, 2005.
[24] J.I. Sohn, C.A. Kim, H.J. Choi, and M.S. Jhon,
“Drag-reduction effectiveness of xanthan gum in a
rotating disk apparatus,” Carbohydrate Polymers
Journal, Vol.45,. No.1, pp. 61-68, May, 2001.
[25] N.B. Wyatt, C.M. Gunther, and M.W. Liberatore,
“Drag reduction effectiveness of dilute and entangled
xanthan in turbulent pipe flow,” Journal of NonNewtonian Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 166, No. 1–2, pp.
25-31, January, 2011.
[26] S. Vural, G. Bayram and Y. Uludağ,
“Experimental investigation of drag reduction effects of
polymer additives on turbulent pipe flow using
ultrasound Doppler velocimetry,” Turkish Journal of
Chemistry, Vol. 38, No.1, pp. 142-151, December,
2013.
[27] Q.M.A. Ali and T.A. Al-ausi, “Drag force
reduction of flowing crude oil by polymers
addition,”Iraqi journal of mechanical and material
engineering, vol. 8. No. 2, pp 149-161, 2008.
[28] D. Mowla and A Naderi, “Experimental
investigation of drag reduction in annular two-phase
flow of oil and air,” Iranian Journal of Science and
Technology, Vol. 32. No. B6, pp. 601-609, 2008.
[29] D. Mowla and A. Naderi, “Experimental study of
drag reduction by a polymeric additive in slug twophase flow of crude oil and air in horizontal pipes,”
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 61, No.6, pp.
1549-1554, March 2005
[30] Q.M.A. Ali and T.A. Al-ausi, “Drag Force
Reduction of Flowing Crude Oil by Polymers
Addition,” The Iraqi Journal for Mechanical and
Material Engineering, Vol.8, No. 2, pp. 149-161, 2008.
[31] J. Shanshool, M.F.A. Jabbar, and I.N. Sulaiman,
“The Influence Of Mechanical Effects On Degradation
Of Polyisobutylenes As Drag Reducing
Agents,” Petroleum & Coal, Vol. 53, No. 3, March,
2011.
[32] R.C. Vaseleski and A.B. Metzner, “Drag
Reduction in the Turbulent Flow of Fiber
Suspensions,” AIChE Journal., Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 301-
306, March 1974.
[33] W.K. Lee, R.C. Vaseleski, and A.B. Metzner,
“Turbulent Drag Reduction in Polymeric Solutions
Containing Suspended Fibers,” AIChE Journal., Vol.
20 No. 1, pp. 128-134, January 1974.
[34] J.Z. Lin, Z.Y. Gao, K. Zhou, and T.L. Chan,
“Mathematical Modeling of Turbulent Fiber
Suspension and Successive Iteration Solution in the
Channel Flow,” Applied Mathematical Modelling
Journal,Vol. 30, No. 9, pp. 1010-1020, September
2006.
[35] H.A. Abdulbari, M.A. Ahmad and R.M. Yunus,
“Experimental Study On The Reduction Of Pressure
Drop Of Flowing Water In Horizontal Pipes Using
Paddy Husk Fibers,” Canadian Journal of pure and
applied sciences , Vol. 4. No.2, pp 1221-1225, June
2010.
[36] P. Krochak, R. Holm and D. Söderberg, “Drag
reduction characteristics of micro-fibrillated cellulose
suspensions,” Nano Technology Organic Chemistry,
Vo. l3, pp. 10, 2011.
[37] T. Kubo and S. Ogata, “Flow properties of
bamboo fiber suspensions,” Int. Conference on
Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition,
Texas, USA, pp. 1111-1116 , 2012.
[38]J. Warashina and S. Ogata, “Drag reduction of
nata de coco suspensions in circular pipe flow,” 1st
Int. Conference on Rheology and Modeling of
Materials, pp.1-6, 2015.
[39] A. Eshghinejadfard, K. Sharma, and D. Thévenin,
“Effect of polymer and fiber additives on pressure
drop in a rectangular channel,” Journal of
Hydrodynamics, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 871-878, October,
2017.
[40] S.M. Ahmed, S.N. Kazi, and G. Khan,
“Experimental investigation on momentum and drag
reduction of Malaysian crop suspensions in closed
conduit flow,” IOP Conference Series: Materials
Science and Engineering. Vol. 210. No. 1, 2017.
[41] S. Charehkhani, H. Yarmand, M.Sh. Coodarzi, S.
F.S. Shirazi, A. Amiri, M. Salim N. Kazi, N. Zubir, K.
Solangi, R. Ibrahim, and S. Wongwises,
“Experimental investigation on rheological,
momentum and heat transfer characteristics of flowing
fiber crop suspensions,” International Communications
in Heat and Mass Transfer Journal, Vol. 80, pp.60-69,
2017.
[42] W.K. Waskito, S. Mau, and M.A. Talahatu,
“Effect of coconut fiber suspensions on drag reduction
in circular pipe,” 1st Conference on Earth and
Environmental Science, IOP Publishing, 2018.
[43] J.L. Zakin, B. Lu, and H.W. Bewersdorff,
“Surfactant Drag Reduction,” Reviews in Chemical
Engineering. Vol.14, No. 4, pp. 253–320, 1998.
[44] H.W. Bewrsdorff, “Structure of Turbulence and
Drag Reduction,” Springer, Switzerland, July 1989.
[45] M. Rashed, A. Salleh, H. A. Abdulbari, and M.
H. S.Ismail,“Enhancing the drag reduction
phenomenon within a rotating disk apparatus using
polymer-surfactant additives,” Applied Sciences,
Vol. 6, No.12, pp.355-363, December 2016.
[46] A.R. Pouranfard, D. Mowla, and F.
Esmaeilzadeh, “An experimental study of drag
reduction by nanofluids through horizontal pipe
turbulent flow of a Newtonian liquid,” Journal of
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 20, No.2,
pp. 633-637, March, 2014.
[47] M.L.B. Hasan, and, M.N.B.M. Khalid,
“Preparation of Nano-Scale Biopolymer Extracted
from Coconut Residue and Its Performance as Drag Reducing Agent (DRA),” The ninth International
Unimas Stem Engineering Conference, 2017.
[48] N. Norouzi, A.A. Gharehaghaji, and M. Montazer,
“Reducing drag force on polyester fabric through
superhydrophobic surface via nano-pretreatment and
water repellent finishing,” The Journal of the Textile
Institute, Vol. 109, No.1, pp. 92-97, 2018.
[49] F. Yanuar, S. Mau, K.T. Waskito, O.A. Putra,
and R. Hanif, “Drag reduction of alumina nanofluid in
spiral pipe with turbulent flow conditions,” AIP
Conference Proceedings, 2017.
Bhran, M. Kaoud, “Studying the rheological properties
and the influence of drag reduction on a waxy crude oil
in pipeline flow,” Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, Vol.
25, No. 1, pp. 39-44, 2016.
[2] M.L. Costalonga, B.V. Loureiro, and E.J. Soares,
“Drag reducing flows by polymer solutions in annular
spaces,” Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol.140, No.5,
2018.
[3] A. Eshghinejadfard, K. Sharma, and D. Thevenin,
“Effect of polymer and fiber additives on pressure drop
in rectangular channel,” Journal of Hydrodynamics,
Vol. 29, No. 5, pp.871-878, 2017.
[4] E.O. Akindoyo and H.A. Abdulbari, “Investigating
the Drag Reduction Performance of Rigid Polymer–
Carbon Nanotubes Complexes,” Journal of Applied
Fluid Mechanics , Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 1041-1049, 2016.
[5] L. Mucharam, S. Rahmawati and R.
Ramadhani, “Drag reducer selection for oil pipeline
based laboratory experiment,” Modern Applied
Science, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp.112-121, 2018.
[6] R.M.S. Marmy, A.B. Hayder, and M.Y. Rosli,
“Improving the flow in pipelines by Cocosnucifera
fiber waste,” International Journal of Physical Sciences,
vol. 7, No. 26, pp. 4073-4080, 2012.
[7] B. Pouranfard, D. Mowla, and F. Esmaeilzadeh,
“An experimental study of drag reduction by
nanofluids through horizontal pipe turbulent flow of a
Newtonian liquid,” Journal of Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 20, No. 2 , pp. 633-637,
2014.
[8] N.J. Kim, S. Kim, S.H. Lim, K. Chen and W.
Chun, “Measurement of drag reduction in polymer
added turbulent flow,” International Communications
in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 36, No. 10, pp.1014-
1019, 2009.
[9] A. Al-Sarkhi, “Drag reduction with polymers in
gas-liquid/liquid-liquid flows in pipes,” Journal of
Natural Gas Science and Engineering, vol 2, pp. 41-
48, 2010.
[10] D. Cao, Ch. Li, H. Li, and F. Yang, “Effect of
dispersing time on the prediction equation of drag
reduction rate and its application in the short distance
oil pipeline,” Petroleum Science and Technology
Journal, Vol.3 6, No. 16, pp. 1312-1318, 2018.
[11] Z. Yousif , “Drag Reduction Study of Xathan
Gum with Polydiallyldimethylammonium Chloride
(PDDAC) Solutions in Turbulent Flow,” Engineering
and Technology Journal, Vol. 36, No. 8 (A), pp. 891-
899, 2018.
[12] I. Zadrazil, A. Bismarck, G.F. Hewitt, and C.N.
Markides, “Shear layers in the turbulent pipe flow of
drag reducing polymer solutions,”Chemical
Engineering Science, Vol., No.72 , pp. 142-154, 2012.
[13] S.S. Salehudin and S. Ridha, “Coconut Residue
as Biopolymer Drag Reducer Agent in Water Injection
System,” International Journal of Applied Engineering
Research, Vol. 11, No.13, pp. 8037-8040, 2015.
[14] B. Yu, F. Li, and Y. Kawaguchi, “Numerical and
experimental investigation of turbulent characteristics
in a drag-reducing flow with surfactant
additives,” International Journal of Heat and Fluid
Flow Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 961-974, 2004.
[15] R.I. Ibrahim, M.K. Oudah, and A.F. Hassan,
“Viscosity reduction for flowability enhancement in
Iraqi crude oil pipelines using novel capacitor and
locally prepared nanosilica,” Journal of Petroleum
Science and Engineering, Vol. 156, pp. 356-365, 2017.
[16] N.J. Kim, S. Kim, S.H. Lim, Kuan Chen, and W.
Chun, “Measurement of drag reduction in polymer
added turbulent flow,” International Communications
in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 36, No. 10 , pp.1014-
1019, 2009.
[17] B.A. Toms, “Some Observations on the Flow of
Linear Polymer Solutions through Straight Tubes at
Large Reynolds Numbers,” 1st. Int. Conference on.
Rheology, pp. 135-141, North Holland, Amsterdam,
1949.
[18] R.C.R. Figueredo and E. Sabadini, “Fire Fighting
Foam Stability: the Effect of the Drag Reducer
Poly(ethylene) oxide,” Colloids and Surfaces
A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 215,
No. 1–3, pp. 77–86, March, 2003 .
[19] M.A. Yaar, A. Soleimani, B.A. Sharkh, U.A.
Mubaiyedh, and A.A. Sarkhi, “Effect of drag reducing
polymers on oil–water flow in a horizontal
pipe,” International Journal of Multiphase Flow,
Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 516-524, 2009.
[20] M.W. Liberatore, S. Baik, A.J. Mchugh, and T.J.
Hanratty,“Turbulent drag reduction of polyacrylamide
solutions: effect of degradation on molecular weight
distribution,” Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid
Mechanics, Vol. 123, No. 2–3, pp. 175-183, November,
2004.
[21] P.K. Ptasinski, F.T.M. Nieuwstadt, B.H.A.A.
Brule and M.A. Hulsen, “Experiments in turbulent pipe
flow with polymer additives at maximum drag
reduction,” Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, Vol.
66, No. 2, pp. 159-182, 2001.
[22] A.A. Khadom and A.A. HadI, “Performance of
polyacrylamide as drag reduction polymer of crude
petroleum flow,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, Vol.
5, No. 3, pp. 861-865, September 2014.
[23] S.A. Vanapalli, M.T. Islam, and M.J. Solomon,
“Scission-induced bounds on maximum polymer drag
reduction in turbulent flow,” Physics of Fluids, Vol. 17,
No. 9, 2005.
[24] J.I. Sohn, C.A. Kim, H.J. Choi, and M.S. Jhon,
“Drag-reduction effectiveness of xanthan gum in a
rotating disk apparatus,” Carbohydrate Polymers
Journal, Vol.45,. No.1, pp. 61-68, May, 2001.
[25] N.B. Wyatt, C.M. Gunther, and M.W. Liberatore,
“Drag reduction effectiveness of dilute and entangled
xanthan in turbulent pipe flow,” Journal of NonNewtonian Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 166, No. 1–2, pp.
25-31, January, 2011.
[26] S. Vural, G. Bayram and Y. Uludağ,
“Experimental investigation of drag reduction effects of
polymer additives on turbulent pipe flow using
ultrasound Doppler velocimetry,” Turkish Journal of
Chemistry, Vol. 38, No.1, pp. 142-151, December,
2013.
[27] Q.M.A. Ali and T.A. Al-ausi, “Drag force
reduction of flowing crude oil by polymers
addition,”Iraqi journal of mechanical and material
engineering, vol. 8. No. 2, pp 149-161, 2008.
[28] D. Mowla and A Naderi, “Experimental
investigation of drag reduction in annular two-phase
flow of oil and air,” Iranian Journal of Science and
Technology, Vol. 32. No. B6, pp. 601-609, 2008.
[29] D. Mowla and A. Naderi, “Experimental study of
drag reduction by a polymeric additive in slug twophase flow of crude oil and air in horizontal pipes,”
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 61, No.6, pp.
1549-1554, March 2005
[30] Q.M.A. Ali and T.A. Al-ausi, “Drag Force
Reduction of Flowing Crude Oil by Polymers
Addition,” The Iraqi Journal for Mechanical and
Material Engineering, Vol.8, No. 2, pp. 149-161, 2008.
[31] J. Shanshool, M.F.A. Jabbar, and I.N. Sulaiman,
“The Influence Of Mechanical Effects On Degradation
Of Polyisobutylenes As Drag Reducing
Agents,” Petroleum & Coal, Vol. 53, No. 3, March,
2011.
[32] R.C. Vaseleski and A.B. Metzner, “Drag
Reduction in the Turbulent Flow of Fiber
Suspensions,” AIChE Journal., Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 301-
306, March 1974.
[33] W.K. Lee, R.C. Vaseleski, and A.B. Metzner,
“Turbulent Drag Reduction in Polymeric Solutions
Containing Suspended Fibers,” AIChE Journal., Vol.
20 No. 1, pp. 128-134, January 1974.
[34] J.Z. Lin, Z.Y. Gao, K. Zhou, and T.L. Chan,
“Mathematical Modeling of Turbulent Fiber
Suspension and Successive Iteration Solution in the
Channel Flow,” Applied Mathematical Modelling
Journal,Vol. 30, No. 9, pp. 1010-1020, September
2006.
[35] H.A. Abdulbari, M.A. Ahmad and R.M. Yunus,
“Experimental Study On The Reduction Of Pressure
Drop Of Flowing Water In Horizontal Pipes Using
Paddy Husk Fibers,” Canadian Journal of pure and
applied sciences , Vol. 4. No.2, pp 1221-1225, June
2010.
[36] P. Krochak, R. Holm and D. Söderberg, “Drag
reduction characteristics of micro-fibrillated cellulose
suspensions,” Nano Technology Organic Chemistry,
Vo. l3, pp. 10, 2011.
[37] T. Kubo and S. Ogata, “Flow properties of
bamboo fiber suspensions,” Int. Conference on
Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition,
Texas, USA, pp. 1111-1116 , 2012.
[38]J. Warashina and S. Ogata, “Drag reduction of
nata de coco suspensions in circular pipe flow,” 1st
Int. Conference on Rheology and Modeling of
Materials, pp.1-6, 2015.
[39] A. Eshghinejadfard, K. Sharma, and D. Thévenin,
“Effect of polymer and fiber additives on pressure
drop in a rectangular channel,” Journal of
Hydrodynamics, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 871-878, October,
2017.
[40] S.M. Ahmed, S.N. Kazi, and G. Khan,
“Experimental investigation on momentum and drag
reduction of Malaysian crop suspensions in closed
conduit flow,” IOP Conference Series: Materials
Science and Engineering. Vol. 210. No. 1, 2017.
[41] S. Charehkhani, H. Yarmand, M.Sh. Coodarzi, S.
F.S. Shirazi, A. Amiri, M. Salim N. Kazi, N. Zubir, K.
Solangi, R. Ibrahim, and S. Wongwises,
“Experimental investigation on rheological,
momentum and heat transfer characteristics of flowing
fiber crop suspensions,” International Communications
in Heat and Mass Transfer Journal, Vol. 80, pp.60-69,
2017.
[42] W.K. Waskito, S. Mau, and M.A. Talahatu,
“Effect of coconut fiber suspensions on drag reduction
in circular pipe,” 1st Conference on Earth and
Environmental Science, IOP Publishing, 2018.
[43] J.L. Zakin, B. Lu, and H.W. Bewersdorff,
“Surfactant Drag Reduction,” Reviews in Chemical
Engineering. Vol.14, No. 4, pp. 253–320, 1998.
[44] H.W. Bewrsdorff, “Structure of Turbulence and
Drag Reduction,” Springer, Switzerland, July 1989.
[45] M. Rashed, A. Salleh, H. A. Abdulbari, and M.
H. S.Ismail,“Enhancing the drag reduction
phenomenon within a rotating disk apparatus using
polymer-surfactant additives,” Applied Sciences,
Vol. 6, No.12, pp.355-363, December 2016.
[46] A.R. Pouranfard, D. Mowla, and F.
Esmaeilzadeh, “An experimental study of drag
reduction by nanofluids through horizontal pipe
turbulent flow of a Newtonian liquid,” Journal of
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 20, No.2,
pp. 633-637, March, 2014.
[47] M.L.B. Hasan, and, M.N.B.M. Khalid,
“Preparation of Nano-Scale Biopolymer Extracted
from Coconut Residue and Its Performance as Drag Reducing Agent (DRA),” The ninth International
Unimas Stem Engineering Conference, 2017.
[48] N. Norouzi, A.A. Gharehaghaji, and M. Montazer,
“Reducing drag force on polyester fabric through
superhydrophobic surface via nano-pretreatment and
water repellent finishing,” The Journal of the Textile
Institute, Vol. 109, No.1, pp. 92-97, 2018.
[49] F. Yanuar, S. Mau, K.T. Waskito, O.A. Putra,
and R. Hanif, “Drag reduction of alumina nanofluid in
spiral pipe with turbulent flow conditions,” AIP
Conference Proceedings, 2017.
)
