Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Electromechanical Engineering Department, University of Technology - Iraq
Abstract
In the present work, flat-plate solar collector (FPSC) in terms of various parameters as well as in respect of lower (Area of FPSC, volume fraction concentration of nanofluids, and mass flow rate) has been studied in this work. The FPSC has been fabricated with 0.192 m2, Dioxide silicon SiO2 (40nm) with the volume fraction of SiO2+Distilled water (0.05, 0.075, and 0.1%) and varying of flow rate (10, 15, 20L/h). These technological devices operate under forced circulation mode of fluid under varying climate conditions. The tracking mechanism has been used in the experiment of FPSC for tracking the sun position during the daytime. As per the ASHRAE standard. The results showed that at volume fraction 0.10 % and flow rate of 20 L/h, the highest increase in the absorbed energy parameter FR(τα) was 7.3 %, and the removed energy parameter FRUL was 11.9 % compared with distilled water. The changes in absorbed energy parameter FR(τα) they vary from 4.4% to 7.3% while in removed energy parameter FRUL, the vary from 1.3% to 11.9% as compared with the distilled water case. The maximum efficiency was about 70 % as the decreased temperature parameter [(Ti–Ta)/GT] is equal to zero at a volume fraction of 0.10 % and flow rate of 20 L/h
Keywords
Main Subjects
[1] S. Kalogirou, “Solar thermal collectors and
applications,” Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 30, 231–
295, 2004.
[2] S. Riffat, X. Zhao, P.S. Doherrty, “Developing a
theoretical model to investigate thermal performance
of a thin membrane heat-pipe solar collector,”Appl.
Therm. Eng., 25, 899–915, 2005.
[3] S. Kalogirou, “Prediction of flat plate collector
performance parameters using artificial neural
networks,” Sol. Energy, 80, 248–259, 2006.
[4] N. Kumar, T. Chavda, H.N. Mistry, “A truncated
pyramid non tracking type multipurpose solar
cooker/hot water system,” Appl. Energy, 87, 471–477,
2010.
[5] Z. Chen, S. Furbo, B. Perers, J. Fan, A. Andersen,
“Efficiencies of flat plate solar collectors at different
flow rates,” Energy Procedia, 30, 65–72,2012.
[6] M. Abdolzadeh, M.A. Mehrabian, “The optimal
slope angle for solar collectors in hot and dry parts of
Iran,” Energy Sources Part, A 34, 519–530, 2012.
[7] J. Duffie, W.A. Beckman, “Solar Engineering of
Thermal Processes,” 4th ed. Wiley, New York, 2013.
[8] L.M.Ayompe, A. “Duffy, Analysis of the thermal
performance of a solar water heating system with flat
plate collectors in a temperate climate,” Appl. Therm.
Eng., 58, 447–454, 2013.
[9] S. Choi, Z.G. Zhang, “Anomalous thermal
conductivity enhancement in nanotube suspensions,”
Appl. Phys. Lett., 79, 2252–2254, 2001.
[10] H. Tyagi, P. Phelan, R. Prasher,” Predicted
efficiency of a low-temperature nanofluid-based direct
absorption solar collector,” J. Sol. Energy Eng. , 131,
1-7, 2009.
[11] R. Taylor, T.P. Phelan, C.A. Otanicar, M. Walker,
S. Nguyen, Trimble, R.S. Parsher, “Applicability of
nanofluids in high flux solar collectors,” J. Renew.
Sustain. Energy, 3, 023104, 2011.
[12] D. Han, Z. Meng, D. Wu, C. Zhang, H. Zhu,”
Thermal properties of carbon black aqueous
nanofluids for solar absorption,” Nanoscale Res. Lett.,
6, 1–7, 2001.
[13] T. Yousefi, E. Shojaeizadeh, F. Veysi, S.
Zinadini, “An experimental investigation on the effect
of MWCNT-H2O nanofluid on the efficiency of flatplate
solar collectors,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., 39, 207–212,
2012.
[14] T. Otanicar, J. Golden, “Comparative
environmental and economic analysis of conventional
and nanofluid solar hot water technologies,” Environ.
Sci. Technol., 43, 6082–6087, 2009.
[15] P. Phelan, T. Otanicar, R. Parsher, G.
Rosengarten, R. Taylor,”Nanofluid-based direct
absorption solar collector,” J. Renew. Sustain. Energy,
2, 033102, 2010.
[16] T. Yousefi, E. Shojaeizadeh, F. Veysi, S.
Zinadini, “An experimental investigation on the effect
of Al2O3-H2O nanofluid on the efficiency of flat plate
solar collector,” Renew. Energy, 39, 293–298, 2012.
[17] O. Mahian, A. Kianifar, A.Z. Sahin, S.
Wongwises, “Performance analysis of a minichannelbased solar collector using different nanofluids,”
Energy Convers. Manag., 88, 129–138, 2014.
[18] S. KumarVerma, Arun Kumar Tiwari, Durg
Singh Chauhan,” Experimental evaluation of flat plate
solar collector using nanofluids,” Energy Conversion
and Management, 134, 103–115, 2017
[19] M. Faizal, R. Saidur, S. Mekhilef, M.A.
Alim,”Energy, economic and environmental analysis
of metal oxides nano fluid for flat-plate solar
collector,” Energy Conversion and Management, 76,
162–168, 2013.
[20] M. Alim, Z. Abdin, R. Saidur, A. Hepbasli, M.A.
Khairul, N.A. Rahim,” Analyses of entropy generation
and pressure drop for a conventionalflat plate solar
collector using different types of metal oxide
nanofluids,” Energy and Buildings, 66 , 289–296,2013
[21] E. Arıkan, Serkan Abbasoglu and Mustafa Gazi,
“Experimental Performance Analysis of Flat Plate
Solar Collectors Using Different
Nanofluids,”sustanibility, 2-11, 2018.
[22] A. Tiwari, K. Pradyumna Ghosh, P., Sarkar, J.,
"Solar Water Heating Using Nanofluids–A
Comprehensive Overview And Environmental Impact
Analysis,” International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3(Special
Issue 3), 221 – 224, 2013.
[23] J. Golden, O.T., "Comparative environmental and
economic analysis of conventional and nanofluid solar
hot water technologies,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 43,
2015.
[24] P. Rhushi Prasad, H.V. Byregowda, P.B.
Gangavati,”Experiment Analysis of Flat Plate
Collector and Comparison of Performance with
Tracking Collector,” European Journal of Scientific
Research, Vol.40, No.1, 144 -155, 2010.
[25] P. Drago, “A simulated comparison of the useful
energy gain in a fixed and a fully tracking flat plate
collector,” Solar Energy, 1978.
[26] Y. Pavel, Gonzalez HJ, Vorobiev YV.,
“Optimization of the solar energy collection intracking
and non-tracking PV solar system,” Proceedings of the
1st international conferenceon electrical and
electronics engineering, ICEEE, 2004.
[27] S. Noor, ”Evaluation of experimental
performance of flat plate solar collector using different
bonding tubes at the absorber plate with tracking
system,” MSc. Thesis, Technology University,
Baghdad, 2016.
[28] P. John and P.D. Shima, “Termal properties of
nanofluids,” Advances in Colloidal and Interface
Surface, vol. 10, no. 4, 30–45, 2012.
[29] M. Chang, H. liu, H.S. Tai, “Preparation of
copper oxide nanoparticals and its application in
nanofluid,” Powder Technology, Vol. 207, 378-386,
2011.
[30] T. yousefi, veysi F., Shajaeizadeh E., Zinadinis
S., "An experimental investigation on effect of Al 2O3-
H2O nanofluid on the efficiency of flat-plate solar
collector,” Renewable energy, Vol.39, 293-298, 2012.
[31] F. Javadi S., Sadeghipour S., Saidur R.,
Boroumandjazi G., R13 ahmati B., Eilas M. M., Sohel
M.R., "The effects of nanofluid on thermophysical
properties and heat transfer characteristics of a plate
heat exchanger,” international communications in heat
and mass transfer,Vol.44, 58-63, 2013.
[32] ASHRAE Standard 93-86, “Methods of Testing
and Determine the Thermal Performance of Solar
Collectors,” ASHRAE, Atlanta, 2003.
[33] J. Duffie A., & Beckman, W. A., "Solar
engineering of thermal processes,” Wiley publication,
1991.
[34] C. Chon and Kihm KD., “Thermal conductivity
enhancement of nanofluids by Browian motion,”
Journal of Heat Transfer, 127, 8, 810, 2005.
[35] H. Qinbo, Shequan Zengand Shuangfeng Wang,
“Experimental investigation on the efficiency of flatplate solar collectors with nanofluids,” Applied
Thermal Engineering, 88, 165-171, 2015.
[36] C. Cristofari, G. Notton, P. Poggi, A.
Louche,”Modeling and performance of a copolymer
solar water heating collector,” Solar Energy, 72, 99-
112,2002.
[37] A. Mintsa, M. Medale, C. Abid,” Optimization of
the design of a polymer flat plate solar collector,”
Solar Energy, 87, 64-75, 2013.
[38] J. Koo, C. Kleinstreuer, “A new thermal
conductivity model for nanofluids,” Journal of
Nanoparticle Research, 6, 577-588, 2004.
[39] Y. Xuan, Q. Li, W. Hu, “Aggregation structure
and thermal conductivity of nanofluids,” AIChE
Journal, vol. 49, 1038-1043, 2003.
[40] S. SalavatiMeibodi, Ali Kianifar, Hamid
Niazmand, OmidMahian, and Somchai Wongwises,
“Experimental investigation on the thermal efficiency
and performance characteristics of a flat plate solar
collector using SiO2/EG–water nanofluids,”
Int.Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer,
65,71–75, 2015.
[41] A. Noghrehabadi, Ebrhim Hajidavaloo and
Mojtaba Moravej, “Experimental investigation of
efficiency of square flat-plate solar collector using
SiO2/water nanofluid,” Case Studies in Thermal
Engineering, 8, 378–386, 2016.
applications,” Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 30, 231–
295, 2004.
[2] S. Riffat, X. Zhao, P.S. Doherrty, “Developing a
theoretical model to investigate thermal performance
of a thin membrane heat-pipe solar collector,”Appl.
Therm. Eng., 25, 899–915, 2005.
[3] S. Kalogirou, “Prediction of flat plate collector
performance parameters using artificial neural
networks,” Sol. Energy, 80, 248–259, 2006.
[4] N. Kumar, T. Chavda, H.N. Mistry, “A truncated
pyramid non tracking type multipurpose solar
cooker/hot water system,” Appl. Energy, 87, 471–477,
2010.
[5] Z. Chen, S. Furbo, B. Perers, J. Fan, A. Andersen,
“Efficiencies of flat plate solar collectors at different
flow rates,” Energy Procedia, 30, 65–72,2012.
[6] M. Abdolzadeh, M.A. Mehrabian, “The optimal
slope angle for solar collectors in hot and dry parts of
Iran,” Energy Sources Part, A 34, 519–530, 2012.
[7] J. Duffie, W.A. Beckman, “Solar Engineering of
Thermal Processes,” 4th ed. Wiley, New York, 2013.
[8] L.M.Ayompe, A. “Duffy, Analysis of the thermal
performance of a solar water heating system with flat
plate collectors in a temperate climate,” Appl. Therm.
Eng., 58, 447–454, 2013.
[9] S. Choi, Z.G. Zhang, “Anomalous thermal
conductivity enhancement in nanotube suspensions,”
Appl. Phys. Lett., 79, 2252–2254, 2001.
[10] H. Tyagi, P. Phelan, R. Prasher,” Predicted
efficiency of a low-temperature nanofluid-based direct
absorption solar collector,” J. Sol. Energy Eng. , 131,
1-7, 2009.
[11] R. Taylor, T.P. Phelan, C.A. Otanicar, M. Walker,
S. Nguyen, Trimble, R.S. Parsher, “Applicability of
nanofluids in high flux solar collectors,” J. Renew.
Sustain. Energy, 3, 023104, 2011.
[12] D. Han, Z. Meng, D. Wu, C. Zhang, H. Zhu,”
Thermal properties of carbon black aqueous
nanofluids for solar absorption,” Nanoscale Res. Lett.,
6, 1–7, 2001.
[13] T. Yousefi, E. Shojaeizadeh, F. Veysi, S.
Zinadini, “An experimental investigation on the effect
of MWCNT-H2O nanofluid on the efficiency of flatplate
solar collectors,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., 39, 207–212,
2012.
[14] T. Otanicar, J. Golden, “Comparative
environmental and economic analysis of conventional
and nanofluid solar hot water technologies,” Environ.
Sci. Technol., 43, 6082–6087, 2009.
[15] P. Phelan, T. Otanicar, R. Parsher, G.
Rosengarten, R. Taylor,”Nanofluid-based direct
absorption solar collector,” J. Renew. Sustain. Energy,
2, 033102, 2010.
[16] T. Yousefi, E. Shojaeizadeh, F. Veysi, S.
Zinadini, “An experimental investigation on the effect
of Al2O3-H2O nanofluid on the efficiency of flat plate
solar collector,” Renew. Energy, 39, 293–298, 2012.
[17] O. Mahian, A. Kianifar, A.Z. Sahin, S.
Wongwises, “Performance analysis of a minichannelbased solar collector using different nanofluids,”
Energy Convers. Manag., 88, 129–138, 2014.
[18] S. KumarVerma, Arun Kumar Tiwari, Durg
Singh Chauhan,” Experimental evaluation of flat plate
solar collector using nanofluids,” Energy Conversion
and Management, 134, 103–115, 2017
[19] M. Faizal, R. Saidur, S. Mekhilef, M.A.
Alim,”Energy, economic and environmental analysis
of metal oxides nano fluid for flat-plate solar
collector,” Energy Conversion and Management, 76,
162–168, 2013.
[20] M. Alim, Z. Abdin, R. Saidur, A. Hepbasli, M.A.
Khairul, N.A. Rahim,” Analyses of entropy generation
and pressure drop for a conventionalflat plate solar
collector using different types of metal oxide
nanofluids,” Energy and Buildings, 66 , 289–296,2013
[21] E. Arıkan, Serkan Abbasoglu and Mustafa Gazi,
“Experimental Performance Analysis of Flat Plate
Solar Collectors Using Different
Nanofluids,”sustanibility, 2-11, 2018.
[22] A. Tiwari, K. Pradyumna Ghosh, P., Sarkar, J.,
"Solar Water Heating Using Nanofluids–A
Comprehensive Overview And Environmental Impact
Analysis,” International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3(Special
Issue 3), 221 – 224, 2013.
[23] J. Golden, O.T., "Comparative environmental and
economic analysis of conventional and nanofluid solar
hot water technologies,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 43,
2015.
[24] P. Rhushi Prasad, H.V. Byregowda, P.B.
Gangavati,”Experiment Analysis of Flat Plate
Collector and Comparison of Performance with
Tracking Collector,” European Journal of Scientific
Research, Vol.40, No.1, 144 -155, 2010.
[25] P. Drago, “A simulated comparison of the useful
energy gain in a fixed and a fully tracking flat plate
collector,” Solar Energy, 1978.
[26] Y. Pavel, Gonzalez HJ, Vorobiev YV.,
“Optimization of the solar energy collection intracking
and non-tracking PV solar system,” Proceedings of the
1st international conferenceon electrical and
electronics engineering, ICEEE, 2004.
[27] S. Noor, ”Evaluation of experimental
performance of flat plate solar collector using different
bonding tubes at the absorber plate with tracking
system,” MSc. Thesis, Technology University,
Baghdad, 2016.
[28] P. John and P.D. Shima, “Termal properties of
nanofluids,” Advances in Colloidal and Interface
Surface, vol. 10, no. 4, 30–45, 2012.
[29] M. Chang, H. liu, H.S. Tai, “Preparation of
copper oxide nanoparticals and its application in
nanofluid,” Powder Technology, Vol. 207, 378-386,
2011.
[30] T. yousefi, veysi F., Shajaeizadeh E., Zinadinis
S., "An experimental investigation on effect of Al 2O3-
H2O nanofluid on the efficiency of flat-plate solar
collector,” Renewable energy, Vol.39, 293-298, 2012.
[31] F. Javadi S., Sadeghipour S., Saidur R.,
Boroumandjazi G., R13 ahmati B., Eilas M. M., Sohel
M.R., "The effects of nanofluid on thermophysical
properties and heat transfer characteristics of a plate
heat exchanger,” international communications in heat
and mass transfer,Vol.44, 58-63, 2013.
[32] ASHRAE Standard 93-86, “Methods of Testing
and Determine the Thermal Performance of Solar
Collectors,” ASHRAE, Atlanta, 2003.
[33] J. Duffie A., & Beckman, W. A., "Solar
engineering of thermal processes,” Wiley publication,
1991.
[34] C. Chon and Kihm KD., “Thermal conductivity
enhancement of nanofluids by Browian motion,”
Journal of Heat Transfer, 127, 8, 810, 2005.
[35] H. Qinbo, Shequan Zengand Shuangfeng Wang,
“Experimental investigation on the efficiency of flatplate solar collectors with nanofluids,” Applied
Thermal Engineering, 88, 165-171, 2015.
[36] C. Cristofari, G. Notton, P. Poggi, A.
Louche,”Modeling and performance of a copolymer
solar water heating collector,” Solar Energy, 72, 99-
112,2002.
[37] A. Mintsa, M. Medale, C. Abid,” Optimization of
the design of a polymer flat plate solar collector,”
Solar Energy, 87, 64-75, 2013.
[38] J. Koo, C. Kleinstreuer, “A new thermal
conductivity model for nanofluids,” Journal of
Nanoparticle Research, 6, 577-588, 2004.
[39] Y. Xuan, Q. Li, W. Hu, “Aggregation structure
and thermal conductivity of nanofluids,” AIChE
Journal, vol. 49, 1038-1043, 2003.
[40] S. SalavatiMeibodi, Ali Kianifar, Hamid
Niazmand, OmidMahian, and Somchai Wongwises,
“Experimental investigation on the thermal efficiency
and performance characteristics of a flat plate solar
collector using SiO2/EG–water nanofluids,”
Int.Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer,
65,71–75, 2015.
[41] A. Noghrehabadi, Ebrhim Hajidavaloo and
Mojtaba Moravej, “Experimental investigation of
efficiency of square flat-plate solar collector using
SiO2/water nanofluid,” Case Studies in Thermal
Engineering, 8, 378–386, 2016.
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