Ethical Responsibility in the Practice of Architecture

The research deals with the concept of ethical responsibility as one of the most influential concepts in the process of practicing architecture. It is defined as “systems of ethical principles and engineering rules governing the architect in making decisions of design practice, making them sound, preventing them from making mistakes during the stages of design, and the maintenance “by the commitment to them, result in creative architectural texts benefit the individual and society,” and thus determine the research problem in (Lack of cognitive perception of the role of moral responsibility in the practice of architecture). Therefore, the research aims at clarifying the standards, elements and principles of the practice of architecture according to the moral responsibility of the architecture, and accordingly the research assumes that the indicators of moral responsibility have a positive impact in the formulation of creative architectural productions. For the purpose of addressing the issue of research and achieve the objectives of the research and verification of the hypothesis was first build a framework of knowledge, and a comprehensive theoretical framework of moral responsibility deduced from the architectural propositions and proposals to materialize as Chock final in three main indicators: “Standards of the practice of architecture morally, and the ingredients of the practice of architecture morally, and the foundations of the practice of architecture morally”. And then applied to selected projects to clarify their impact on the architectural output and to arrive at the conclusions that show the moral control of the practice of architecture according to the total responsibility indicators extracted. KeywordsEthics, Moral responsibility, Ethical practice, Architecture. How to cite this article: A.S.S. Almaamouri, “Ethical Responsibility in the Practice of Architecture,” Engineering and Technology Journal, Vol. 37, Part A, No. 11, pp. 488-495, 2019.


Introduction
People face multiple responsibilities in their lives that regulate their behavior to humanity, resulting in consequences such as reward and punishment according to the degree of commitment to them. The practice is a set of ethical principles and engineering rules that accompany the professional architect in the profession. The practice influenced by several factors, such as internal factors, which concern the existence of psychological and educational barriers that obscure the significance of design practice on moral responsibilities. As well as external factors, such as social, economic, or political factors that hinder the commitment to moral responsibilities, whether celestial or terrestrial in practice. Several studies, especially in the field of architecture, dealt with the concepts of responsibility and ethics. Each brief or implied, lies the importance of the subject in its ability to improve the overall society and highnesses in the profession mainly, Viz that prevailed moral responsibilities reflected the standards, the ingredients, and the foundations governing the practices of design and executive. Then have them legitimate text useful creative. The problem with the search is the lack of cognitive perception of the role of moral responsibility in the practice of architecture. Therefore, the research aims to clarify the indicators of ethical responsibility in the practice of architecture. Finally, the research methodology represented by five distinct axes: The first is to study the basic concepts of research "responsibility, ethics, moral responsibility," and the second is to ensure the construction of the conceptual framework of the concept of moral responsibility in the creative text. The third focused on building the theoretical framework through the analysis of literature and previous studies. The fourth deals with projects elected for the purpose of application and finally includes the presentation of conclusions and recommendations.

The First Axis
The cognitive framework for research: It discusses the concepts of responsibility and ethics in an attempt to understand the moral responsibility, its philosophy, and its impact on the formulation of creative texts.

I. Concept of responsibility Engineering and Technology Journal
Vol. 37, Part A. No. 11, 2019 984 The paragraph clarifies the concept of responsibility from two main aspects: Responsibility is a language and a term: Linguistically "is the status or status of a person who asks for an order for which he has consequences. Al-Shafii defines it as "a situation consisting of an instinctive readiness or an acquired human commitment to take care of what it has charged with". Some issues related to religion, and therefore, the penalty is a logical result of succession's official commitment to him [1]. Responsibility in the practice of architecture: "A homogeneous system of ethical principles and rules of practice of engineering, which together constitute the standard of professional conduct of the architecture. Which gradually grows over time until it recognized as a specific legal standard for the quality of the produced texts and the degree of mastery of its formulation in the society containing it. "The responsible architecture, along with its innovative, creative abilities between engineering sciences, technological techniques, artistic spirit and ethical principles, is characterized by three basic skills: first, teamwork skills, second, analytical skills and third, communication skills [2]. The architectural responsibility defined as "the state of the inherent or acquired commitment to both moral principles and engineering rules to their influence in society and architectural output. The practice of architecture is not only about the legislative aspects, but also for the educational, technical, artistic, analytical, and creative aspects".

II. The concept of ethics
The linguistic ethic of "creation" in the sense of "felony, instinct, and virility" [3]. The term is "a system of rational values and principles in which human actions are carried out and justified within a framework of moral responsibility based on "consciousness, conscience, religious principles and legal legislation" to promote the universal intellectual and material practices towards humanity [4]. From the above, the procedural definition of morality can define as "a set of rational principles, values and standards that are self-evident in the human psyche, and which regulate and act and dictate the practice of human actions in any creative work, including architecture, within the responsibilities of external divine power and the power of man.

III. The concept of moral responsibility
A general responsibility stems from the conscience of man, and gives him the ability to bear the consequences of all his actions to include all aspects of life. Moral responsibility closely linked to the other two types of responsibility: moral responsibility, and social responsibility [5]. The moral responsibility for the exercise of creative texts in general and architecture characterized by three features: universality, balance, and communication between text and its surroundings to prevent harm. While the source of the practitioner, whether it was innate or acquired is due to one of the following premises, namely: Quran and Sunnah, rationality and conscience, and legal legislation. While the condition of its exercise in the creative text, are commitment, and purposefulness [1]. It is clear that moral responsibility is the power of perception that transcends the barriers of momentary events in their normative guiding effect in the practice of creative professions such as literature, art, and architecture. Therefore, the creative responsibilities of an architect, poet, or painter to transcend self to objectivity in the decision to trade between two values. More reflected their impact in society, and thus emerged the need for knowledge to study moral responsibility in the creative text, and this studied in the second axis of the research.

Second Axis: Moral Responsibility in the Creative Text
The moral responsibility discussed in three fields of knowledge: poetry, art, and architecture.

I. Ethical responsibility in poetry
The moral responsibility of the poet is shown in the text through his hidden influence in society. He performs three tasks: First, his poetic texts guarantee the values of the community, including its customs, traditions, and beliefs, for its profound structural effect on their behavior. Second, it ensures continuity, which controls the transmission of the values of society through its texts from generation to generation. Third, it provides the existence of the moral model that the future measures for the text interactively, deriving from the cognitive tests. The moral responsibility is to create many poetic texts to assess the ethics of society. Thus, the poet behind Hamas should not only guided by the idea but should also go beyond social motivation as a moral responsibility, making it creative [6]. We conclude from the above that the responsibility of the moral poet lies in the embodiment of a pragmatic text that is not devoid of creative imagination, which elevates the system of social and moral values. It ensures its continuity as a measure of its quality. The expert practitioner goes beyond his aspects.
Art texts do not have value if they are not ethical [7]. The real moral artist in the drafting of a religious text committed religiously and socially, honoring the noble human values in society [8]. Except for the practical art, and the imitation arts [9]. As a result from the preceding that the moral responsibility of the creator lies in the embodiment of a committed, creative text that imitates absolute principles in the world of ideas, without copying them, preserving their value and preventing them from intellectual tampering and its consequences.

a. Ethical responsibility in architecture
The system that the architect governs in making right decisions, which preventing it from making mistakes during the stages of "design process, implementation, operation, and maintenance." The moral responsibility in the practice of architecture includes three primary conditions: First condition focus on the humanity of architecture. Thus, the concept of moral function of space has emerged, making the design of each of the gas chambers and spaces of torture and incinerators unacceptable because they are against the human side. For the practice of architecture, which identified four basic patterns of construction: the pattern of construction (mosques), the style of construction (markets), the type of building permitted (housing) and the prohibited construction style (wine shops). While the second condition emphasis on the collective interest and preference for individual interest. The third condition focuses on the attempt to prevent potential losses in the natural, human, or societal environment resulting from design decisions [10]. The ethical responsibility of architecture can clarify according to the international, Arab, and local standards, which express as follows: 1. Ethical Responsibility for Architecture Worldwide: The United States of America has set the rules for the ethical practice of architecture in two ways: the moral design of "new buildings, additions, renovations, and repairs" as needed, ensuring the security, health, safety, and well-being of occupants of architecture. Then review designs before implemented, especially that the architecture is responsible for the features of the general text and its precise details [11]. 2. The Ethical Responsibility of Arab Architecture: The Arab Republic of Egypt has set the rules for the ethical practice of architecture through three principles: The first is the preservation of the environment and sustainable development: It is achieved through recycling techniques and green building standards. The second is the development of society: It is achieved through the preservation of heritage and upgrading in the formulation of architectural texts to ensure the security, well-being, health and safety of the general community. The third is continuous learning: It means that the architecture continue to be applied to all that is new through education and training programs, and participation in conferences and seminars [12]. 3. Ethical Responsibility for Local Architecture Local: Local emphasis was placed in Iraq on the practice of architecture under the law of the Iraqi Engineers Association No. (51) of 1979, which focused on clarifying the technical engineering provisions in architecture, including the following: First: Investigation of the survey of similar studies on engineering projects to be implemented, And second: the development of designs and the preparation of schedules of quantities and specifications and documents of undertaking engineering projects required to be implemented, Third: Supervise the implementation and study the basics of operation and maintenance and management of technical service departments in engineering projects, Fourthly: the adoption of engineering education and scientific research inside or outside institutes as a basis for the development of the practice of architecture, Fifth: study the foundations of organization as a skill to manage various engineering projects [13,14]. From the above, by reviewing the standards of the ethical practice of architecture according to the "global, Arab and local" levels mentioned above, it would be possible to identify the most significant aspects that have touched upon the following: "The rules of ethical practice and principles, the rules governing the responsibilities of practicing the profession, "He said. It also noted the importance of ethical responsibility in the professional practice of architecture; the need to study its primary and secondary indicators in the third axis of the research emerged.

Axis III: Building the Theoretical Framework
This topic deals with the introduction of a series of previous studies to determine the primary and secondary indicators of moral responsibility in the practice of architecture. I. Gamal, Civil Liability of the Architect and Contractor for the Drawbacks of the Project Owner's Building "Study in Algerian Law," 2018 [15]. The study examined the correlation among the responsibilities of the architect, the contractor for the demolition of buildings and installations, the defects and signs of material disturbance that may threaten the security and the safety of its occupants as a direct result of negligence and negligence in the building materials industry and an indirect result to achieve immediate gains. The study distinguishes between the responsibilities of the architect and the contractor. The architecture works as a creative work of an innovative artistic nature with its intellectual activity. It includes two pillars: respect for the translated project data and the respect of the legislations and regulations in the field of construction while the contractor undertakes a material work of a commercial nature, including three pillars: the practical implementation of drawings and engineering designs dictated by the work of management and supervision, and guarding materials used in construction, and the discovery of dangers in the designs and drawings. Finally, the study shows that the similarity of their responsibility lies in the documented contractual systems of their obligations with the employer. A conclusion from the above: Architecture is a moral practice whose responsibilities are related to the stage of preparing designs, as it is extended to include the stages of "implementation, works" and maintenance, thus ensuring the realization of the pillars of moral responsibility for the practice of architecture.

II. Wood, Social Responsibility of Architects:
Human Architecture Perspectives in Practice, 2017 [16]. The study explained the role of moral responsibility in the production of human architectural texts, especially in the era of financial collapse coincides with the transformation of the ideological towards the effects of architectural design. This approach is profoundly rooted to the architects' awareness and a focus on two pillars of ethical responsibility: First, the intentional aspects of balance of design and moral principles, which typically limit the impact of disasters, and challenges in societies. Foundations and charities, shelters and zero-emission buildings to reduce harmful environmental pollutants, as well as the reconstruction of cities in response to natural crises such as earthquakes or non-natural wars, which are more secure and sustainable architectural texts. Secondly the unintended aspects of the dual integration of "beauty and quality", which achieves the ultimate in perfection. In particular, the practice of architecture as a moral responsibility requires, in its simplest form, a license and a certificate of practice granted by architectural schools, as well as the rights of "intellectual property, administration and execution". Finally, the study showed that architecture is an "ethical" practice based on the knowledge of the responsibilities of the contextual project elements, namely its "boundaries, spaces, systems and its techniques." As a conclusion from the above, that moral responsibility has two pillars: one is intended to limit the effects of challenges and disasters, and the other is inadvertently complementary to gain quality in design and workmanship. III. Kimmelman, Architecture and Moral Question, 2015 [17]. The study is responsible for the professional practice of architecture as a moral discipline towards the built environment. The responsibility lies in the beliefs of the intellectual architecture rooted in its products. If it is correct, it has two aspects. First, the design of specific buildings such as prisons and nuclear power stations, Lies in the evaluation of internal instincts, does not mean spending the least amount of money to design the most frightening places, in the name of revenge instead of promoting rehabilitation and peace. The second is the design of specific spaces, including "Individual detention spaces, torture rooms, detention camps, and abortion clinics." However, the question is not to prohibit architecture from participating in the design but to define the frameworks of immoral practice that take multiple forms of design. Therefore, choosing the decision to comply with moral responsibility in practice is linked to two pillars: the intellectual selfarchitecture that seeks to make the world a better place and the desire to design Khaleda's architecture limits the widening social gap between the rich and the poor. This is what the Bauhaus movement has sought, making its productive architectural texts morally responsible for respecting the urban context of the three social, economic, and environmental aspects. We conclude from the above: that the practice of architecture according to the frameworks of moral responsibility brings to the architecture design of specific buildings and spaces, because of the evaluation of the internal instincts of the ruling design decisions following the requirements of rehabilitation of the physical context that it has.

IV. Study of Sadri, "Professional Ethics in
Architecture and Responsibilities of Architects towards Humanity, 2012 [10]. The study explained the ethical responsibility of practicing architecture as "limiting the design's decisions that harmful to the other, whether individual, building, site or nature itself, laying the responsibility of architects towards human society." The moral obligations governing are discussed the practice of architecture, general obligations, and concerned with the practice of architecture according to the standards design determined by international and local bodies and international organizations without ignoring the importance of supervision and participation to ensure the quality in the architecture. Secondly, the particular obligations that deal with the practice of architecture according to the systems of the ideological society that contains it, which preserves its identity and privacy, as well as its study of the impact of the texts produced in the environment, thus balancing the architectural, natural and societal systems. Thirdly the obligations towards the client, and concerned with the practice of architecture with professional efficiency based on the skills of the architect scientific knowledge as well as the expectation of all possible possibilities, which achieves quality, where the wishes of the client to the benefit without harming the public interest of the community. The profession is practicing according to the design methodology that is governed by the ethics of architecture determined to the level of adequacy of the architectural text of the other, and the level of privacy and security. That makes them useful to the individual and society. The study also pointed out that the moral responsibility for the practice of architecture is based on two aspects: the first is the philosophy of the architectural schools because it provides the rules governing the practice of the profession. Therefore, the school considered the modernity of ethics because it focused on the functional need, where it sought to accommodate the largest number of people after the war, Which broke the engineering systems and the values of society and moved away from the ethics of practicing the profession, despite the achievement of creativity. The second is the community's acceptance of the texts produced, based on five factors: the social, economic, cultural, climatic, and security aspects. In conclusion, the moral responsibility for the practice of architecture based on four essential obligations: general obligations, individual obligations, professional obligations, and customer obligations. It based on two aspects: one is the philosophy of schools of architecture, and the other community acceptance of the texts produced. [18]. The study deals with the relationship between university architectural education and the quality of the profession. It clarifies the skills that qualify the architect to practice the profession ethically. The study distinguishes between three main categories of creativity: scientific creativity, and the formation of a vacuum system to achieve protection and thermal comfort for occupants. Artistic creativity means mixing art and its psychological and visual effects in the process of design and construction. Intellectual innovation means to evoke the idea and embodiment of the immortality of the physical heritage, social, cultural, or political lopsided across the millennia. Secondly, innovation means "the style of architecture in the changing reshaping according to the internal dynamic structure of both the problem and the society that it has." The study distinguishes between two main categories of innovation: innovation as a mental process, and the design process involving a sense of problems and gaps in a field, and then the formation of ideas and hypotheses addressed to them. Innovation, like a specific product, is the production of a new architectural text of the interaction between the text and the surrounding environment. The researcher explained that practicing the profession ethically includes three main areas: practicing the profession in design work, practicing the profession in executive work, and practicing the profession in other works, including "arbitration, consulting, alterations, additions and expansion, maintenance and restoration." Finally, the study indicates five complementary elements to the ethical practice: architectural criticism, architectural competitions, whether local or international, scientific research, legal and legislative systems, and the movement of authorship. We conclude from this that architectural education gives the architect creative and innovative skills necessary to practice the architecture morally, and extends the fields of professional practice to design and implementation. [19]. The study shows the close relationship between architecture and ethical concepts, despite the serious decline it has experienced over the last 25 years; to highlight the concept of moral dilemma in the practice of architecture. The course focuses on the sustainability of the conflict between moral responsibility and the laws of engineering construction and is focused on two mechanisms to deal with them. These include: verifying the effects of the practice of leading architectural theories in society and careful analytical scrutiny of engineering techniques in the light of moral philosophy. Secondly, the preservation of ethical values as a historical duty that ensures the permanence of the text in society, the primarily mental map that helps the thinking of the architecture and helps in making the decision in the problematic engineering swaps facing the exercise of the design process. Thus, it is possible to limit the dilemma of the practice of architecture ethically through the mechanisms of tribal thinking, including the verification of the principles of engineering based on scrutiny of moral values.

VII. Cummings, "Standards of Professional
Practice in Architecture, 1955" [20]. The study presented the criteria for the practice of architecture in two aspects: Firstly, guiding standards, which include some subjective rules, as "Integrity in Intellectual Principles, Wisdom in Decision Making, Competence, and Information and Technical Capacity." Secondly, restricted to mandatory standards, which included a set of executive rules, including "professional counseling and professional reputation." The study outlined the objectives of the standards of the practice of architecture morally, as follows: "to improve the coordination of the architecture industry professionally, and achieve efficiency through the integration of three-dimensional, including the aspects of" scientific, practical and technical." In addition, the formulation of strategies on short and long distances to ensure the distribution of moral responsibilities to successive generations of architects. The researcher points out that the subordination of the practice of the ethical standards of architecture produces two effects: the absolute generalization of the moral laws governing and harmonious with society, and the relative generalization of the engineering principles governing the form and content of architecture. The study is considered one of the "seminars, conferences and seminars" of the basics of evaluating the practice of the profession, especially among the new architects. As a result, from the above, the importance of the criteria of "guidance, and mandatory" in the evaluation of the practice of the supreme architecture, as their effects are reflected on the absolute moral aspect and the relative aspect of engineering to fit the changes of the human society containing them. From Table 1, we will identify some of the words that will focus on the measurement process as follows: First, the standards of the practice of architecture morally two aspects, namely: "trends and categories", and secondly the elements of the practice of architecture morally in terms of "skills, obligations."

I. Project Selection, "Central Bank of Iraq"
The project of the "Central Bank of Iraq" ( Figure  1) for architect by Zaha Hadid is one of the most [19] The moral design of new buildings, additions, and repairs. Design of immoral spaces, including: "Gas chambers, torture, incinerators, abortion clinics, and nuclear power plants" [20] Self Guiding standards Varieties Objectivity Professional counseling.

Mandatory Standards
Maintain professional reputation.
[17] Improve the coordination of the architecture industry professionally, and achieve efficiency in architectural texts Goals [20] The absolute dissemination of ethical principles governing society Effects The relative generalization of the engineering principles governing the shape and content of architecture [18] Creative skills Skills of practicing  [16] Foundations Intentional: The balance between the two principles of "design and ethics" is typical, resulting in more secure and sustainable architectural texts in the face of crises.

Founded it
Unintended basis: Integration in the dual "beauty, quality" which achieves perfection in the text.
[19] Infinity and permanence. Characteristics [15] Design works, executive works, and other complementary works such as "arbitration, consultancy, alterations, additions and expansion, maintenance and restoration".

Fields
striking architectural features with a symbolic dimension in Baghdad. The project analyzed in terms of its concept and data and the moral responsibility invested to give a new image to the project. The bank consists of thirty-four floors with an estimated building area of 1,219,000 standing 172 meters high on a platform of m200 * 100 meters. The project includes several homogeneous activities, including "offices, conference rooms, museum, concert hall, currency and gold safes, parking garages the cars." The project was designed to adopt the principles of the ethical practice of architecture, including: first, creative architectural skills, which achieved engineering design of a physical nature. Second, analytical engineering skills, whose twisted form requires a complex parametric analysis especially that the tower's width increases as its height increases. The central bank's design was based on the ethical standards of the practice of architecture. It relied on guidelines to limit the effects of natural external factors such as seismic loads, as well as political conditions. The bank had designed structural blast resistance, using high resistance materials such as steel and concrete, which stabilized the structure and durability of the building. Due to the depth of the basement and its proximity to the river, the bank was secured by robust water resistance systems. Finally, it should be noted that the design of digital geometric shapes of physical nature has been created a usercomfortable model, which controls the quality of ventilation levels and lighting suitable for solar gain in the atmosphere of Baghdad Bank.

II. Discussion and analysis of the project
The paragraph analyzes the draft of the CBI according to a set of elements of the theoretical framework chosen by the researcher to discuss them and gain a set of conclusions. As shown in Table 2.  The design of the Central Bank of Iraq focused on "the principles of the practice of architecture morally" by the one-dimensional means the permanence of the architectural text security, as the tower was designed to resist the loads of nature and seismic as well as the effects of external pressures on the facade by human threats such as explosions through the design of steel structure high steel Resistance.

Categories
The central bank's design takes into account both the guidelines and the mandatory requirements for maintaining quality as well as maintaining professional reputation.

-the elements of the practice of architecture and ethical methods of verification Skills
The Bank's design was based on three types of skills: innovative architectural skills, analytical engineering skills, and computer skills. Commitments The Central Bank of Iraq has focused on professional obligations, taking into consideration the level of appropriateness of the text.

I. Theoretical Conclusions
Ethical responsibility is one of the factors influencing the practice of architecture, resulting in consequences such as reward or punishment according to the degree of commitment to them at design, whether the responsibility of the architecture stems from the highest celestial or earthly values.
• Ethical responsibility means to develop the capabilities of creative architecture following the ethical frameworks of engineering, reflected the impact on its products to be balanced and suitable for the natural environment, human and urban.
•The research focuses on the moral responsibility with three main indicators. The first represents the standards of the practice of architecture in terms of ethics. Including the different directions that are related to "rules, principles, laws and prohibitions." The second is the characteristics of the practice of architecture, with its "characteristics, source, conditions, bases, characteristics and fields".
• Ethical practice is based on general characteristics such as permanence and unaismality resulting from the detailed features of the moral architectural text produced as its balance, communication and comprehensiveness, provided that its intentional and non-intentional bases which applied in the design and implementation phases as well as the supplementary stages such as the work of modifications.

II. Practical side conclusions
• The standards of the practice of architecture focus morally on the principles of both engineering and ethical, and main direction. While the rules, laws and traditions are secondary supporting tendencies, and thus produce contemporary ethical architectural texts.
• The moral responsibility of architecture is based on the use of engineering principles in the light of the unity of absolute moral values, thus achieving reason and commitment to their intellectual and material aspects.

Recommendations
• The research recommends the integration of indicators of ethical responsibility in the systems of design practice and implementation, which ensures the upgrading of the coordination of the architecture industry professionally.
• The research recommends the continuous development of the ethical standards of the practice of architecture, based on the extraction of knowledge from previous failures and theoretical and practical studies. Thus guaranteeing the quality of the produced architectural texts as well as their suitability to the other. Finally, the indicators of ethical responsibility for the practice of architecture are the basis for creating a distinctive architectural text useful to the individual and society.