Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Civil Engineering Dept., University of Technology-Iraq, Alsina’a street,10066 Baghdad, Iraq.
2 Highways and Transportation Engineering Dept., Mustansiriayah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Abstract
Multifunctional Cementitious Composite (MCC) characteristics are directly related to the type and dosage of the Electrically Conductive Materials (ECMs) reinforcing the relevant concrete matrices. This study investigated the electro-mechanical capacities of fiber reinforced concrete pavement (FRCP) with and without the addition of micro scale-carbon fiber (CF). The impact energy of FRCP under compacted load was evaluated initially; then, the effects of 0.5% and 1% content by volume of CF on the piezoresistivity capacities of FRCP were investigated under applied impact load. This type of load is the most common force causing long-term rigid pavement deterioration. Obtained results showed that the use of a hybrid fiber (micro-scale carbon fiber 0.5% and macro-scale steel fiber 1% by volume) enhanced the impact strength (impact energy) due to CF’s resistance to micro-cracks. The developed FRCP showed good results in terms of self-sensing under compact load with both 0.5 and 1.0% by volume of CF.
Highlights
- Self-sensing and mechanical behavior of FRCP under impact loads were assessed.
- Carbon fibers and steel fibers were utilized to improve the mechanical and piezoresistive properties.
- The best impact energy results were achieved when only 0.5 and 1.0% vol.% of CF and SF respectively.
- Successful self-sensing of damage was obtained with superior performance of CF.
Keywords
- Multifunctional cementitious composite
- Self-sensing
- Hybrid Fiber
- Electrically conductive material
- Piezoresistivity capacities
Main Subjects
[1] M. Nili and V. J. I. j. o. i. e. Afroughsabet, Combined effect of silica fume and steel fibers on the impact resistance and mechanical properties of concrete, International journal of impact engineering, 37, 8, 2010,879-886.
[2] H. Alabduljabbar, R. Alyousef, F. Alrshoudi, A. Alaskar, A. Fathi, and A. J. F. Mustafa Mohamed, Mechanical effect of steel fiber on the cement replacement materials of self-compacting concrete,Fibers, 7, 4, 2019,36.
[3] V. Ramkumar, G. Murali, N. P. Asrani, and K. J. J. o. B. E. Karthikeyan, Development of a novel low carbon cementitious two stage layered fibrous concrete with superior impact strength, Journal of Building Engineering, 25, 2019,100841.
[4] V. Gopalaratnam and S. P. Shah, Properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete subjected to impact loading, in Journal Proceedings, 83, 1, 1989,117-126.
[5] ACI Committee 544: ACI PRC-544.2-17: Report on the Measurement of Fresh State Properties and Fiber Dispersion of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete, ACI, USA, Report 2017.
[6] B. Han and J. Ou, Embedded piezoresistive cement-based stress/strain sensor, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical,138, 2, 2007,294-298.
[7] L. Vertuccio, L. Guadagno, G. Spinelli, P. Lamberti, V. Tucci, and S. J. C. P. B. E. Russo, Piezoresistive properties of resin reinforced with carbon nanotubes for health-monitoring of aircraft primary structures,Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring , 107, 2016,192-202.
[8] D. D. J. M. S. Chung and E. R. Reports, Self-monitoring structural materials, Materials Science and Engineering, 22, 2, 1998, 57-78.
[9] A. Al-Dahawi, O. Öztürk, F. Emami, G. Yıldırım, and M. Şahmaran, Effect of mixing methods on the electrical properties of cementitious composites incorporating different carbon-based materials,Construction and Building Materials, 104, 2016,160-168.
[10] A. Al-Dahawi et al., Electrical percolation threshold of cementitious composites possessing self-sensing functionality incorporating different carbon-based materials, Smart Materials and Structures,. 25, 10, 2016,1-15.
[11] A. M. Al-Dahawi, Effect of curing age on the self-sensing behavior of carbon-based engineered cementitious composites (ECC) under monotonic flexural loading scenario,MATEC Web of Conferences, 162, 2018.
[12] G. Yıldırım, M. H. Sarwary, A. Al-Dahawi, O. Öztürk, Ö. Anıl, and M. Şahmaran, Piezoresistive behavior of CF- and CNT-based reinforced concrete beams subjected to static flexural loading: Shear failure investigation, Construction and Building Materials, 168, 2016, 266-279.
[13] M. H. Sarwary et al., Self-Sensing of Flexural Damage in Large-Scale Steel-Reinforced Mortar Beams, ACI Materials Journal, 116, 4,2019,209-221.
[14] F. Mussa, A. Al-Dahawi, Q. S. Banyhussan, M. R. Baanoon, and M. A. Shalash, Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Asphalt Concrete: An Investigation of Some Electrical and Mechanical Properties, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 737,2020,012122.
[15] G. Yıldırım, O. Öztürk, A. Al-Dahawi, A. A. Ulu, and M. Şahmaran, Self-sensing capability of Engineered Cementitious Composites: Effects of aging and loading conditions, Construction and Building Materials, 231, 2020,117-132.
[16] D. Chung, Electrically conductive cement-based materials,Advances in Cement Research, 16, 4, 2004,167-176.
[17] P. Xie, P. Gu, and J. J. Beaudoin, Electrical percolation phenomena in cement composites containing conductive fibres, Journal of Materials Science, 30, 1996,4093-4097.
[18] S. Wen and D. Chung, Cement-based controlled electrical resistivity materials, Journal of electronic materials, 30, 11, 2001,1448-1451.
[19] B. Han, X. Yu, and J. Ou, Self-sensing concrete in smart structures. Butterworth Heinemann-Elsevier, pages cm,2014
[20] H.-y. Chu, J.-k. J. C. Chen, and C. Composites, The experimental study on the correlation of resistivity and damage for conductive concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites, 67, 2016,12-19.
[21] S. Rana, P. Subramani, R. Fangueiro, and A. G. J. A. M. S. Correia, A review on smart self-sensing composite materials for civil engineering applications, AIMS Materials Science, 3, 2,2016,357-379.
[22] A. Al-Dahawi, G. Yıldırım, O. Öztürk, and M. Şahmaran, Assessment of self-sensing capability of Engineered Cementitious Composites within the elastic and plastic ranges of cyclic flexural loading, Construction and Building Materials, 145, 2017, 1-10.
[23] D.-J. Kwon, Z.-J. Wang, J.-Y. Choi, P.-S. Shin, K. L. DeVries, and J.-M. J. C. P. B. E. Park, Damage sensing and fracture detection of CNT paste using electrical resistance measurements, Composites Part B: Engineering, 90, 2016,386-391.
[24] A. Bouhamed, A. Al-Hamry, C. Müller, S. Choura, and O. J. C. P. B. E. Kanoun, Assessing the electrical behaviour of MWCNTs/epoxy nanocomposite for strain sensing, Composites Part B: Engineering, 128, 2017, 91-99.
[25] G. Georgousis et al., Strain and damage monitoring in SBR nanocomposites under cyclic loading, Composites Part B: Engineering, 131, 2017,50-61.
[26] J. Wang, W. Wang, C. Zhang, and W. J. C. P. B. E. Yu, The electro-mechanical behavior of conductive filler reinforced polymer composite undergone large deformation: A combined numerical-analytical study, 133, 2018,185-192.
[27] S. Wen, D. J. C. Chung, and C. Research, Uniaxial tension in carbon fiber reinforced cement, sensed by electrical resistivity measurement in longitudinal and transverse directions, Cement and Concrete Research, 30, 8, 2000,1289-1294.
[28] S. Wen, D. J. C. Chung, and c. research, Uniaxial compression in carbon fiber-reinforced cement, sensed by electrical resistivity measurement in longitudinal and transverse directions,Cement and Concrete Research, 31, 2, 2001,297-301.
[29] S. Wen and D. Chung, Self-sensing of flexural damage and strain in carbon fiber reinforced cement and effect of embedded steel reinforcing bars, Carbon, 44, 8, 2006,1496-1502.
[30] S. Wen and D. Chung, Electrical-resistance-based damage self-sensing in carbon fiber reinforced cement, Carbon, 45, 4,2007,710-716.
[31] D. G. Meehan, S. Wang, and D. Chung, Electrical-resistance-based sensing of impact damage in carbon fiber reinforced cement-based materials, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 21,1,2010,83-105.
[32] D. L. Nguyen, J. Song, C. Manathamsombat, and D. J. J. C. P. B. E. Kim, Comparative electromechanical damage-sensing behaviors of six strain-hardening steel fiber-reinforced cementitious composites under direct tension, Composites Part B: Engineering, 69, 2015,159-168.
[33] J. Song, D. L. Nguyen, C. Manathamsombat, and D. J. J. J. o. C. M. Kim, Effect of fiber volume content on electromechanical behavior of strain-hardening steel-fiber-reinforced cementitious composites, Journal of Composite Materials, 49, 29, 2015,3621-3634.
[34] Q. Mao, B. Zhao, D. Sheng, and Z. L. J. J. o. W. U. o. T.-M. Science, Resistance changement of compression sensible cement speciment under different stresses, Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science,1996.
[35] M. K. Kim, D. J. Kim, and Y.-K. J. C. P. B. E. An, Electro-mechanical self-sensing response of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete in tension, Composites Part B: Engineering, 134, 2018,254-264.
[36] N. Banthia, S. Djeridane, M. J. C. Pigeon, and C. research, Electrical resistivity of carbon and steel micro-fiber reinforced cements, Cement and Concrete research, 22, 5, 1992,804-814.
[37] S. Wen and D. Chung, A comparative study of steel-and carbon-fibre cement as piezoresistive strain sensors, Advances in Cement Research, 15, 3,2003,119-128.
[38] A. Naaman and H. Reinhardt, Characterization of high performance fiber reinforced cement composites—HPFRCC, in High performance fiber reinforced cement composites,2, 1996, 1-24.
[39] D. joo Kim, S. El-Tawil, A. E. J. M. Naaman, and Structures, Rate-dependent tensile behavior of high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites,Composites Part B: Engineering 42, 3, 2009,399-414.
[40] D. L. Nguyen, D. J. Kim, G. S. Ryu, and K. T. J. C. P. B. E. Koh, Size effect on flexural behavior of ultra-high-performance hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete, Composites Part B: Engineering, 45, 1, 2013,1104-1116.
[41] D. L. Nguyen, G. S. Ryu, K. T. Koh, and D. J. J. C. P. B. E. Kim, Size and geometry dependent tensile behavior of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete, Composites Part B: Engineering, 58,2014, 279-292.
[42] [42] D.-L. Nguyen, D.-K. Thai, and D.-J. J. T. J. o. S. A. f. E. D. Kim, Direct tension-dependent flexural behavior of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concretes,The Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design, 52, 2, 2017, 121-134.
[43] N. A. al-Bayati, N. A. J. E. Hadi, and T. Journal, Experimental Behavior of Hybrid Steel and Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam Containing Openings, Engineering and Technology Journal 36, 2A, 2018.
[44] M. H. F. Rasheed, A. Z. S. J. E. Agha, and T. Journal, Computational Analysis of punching shear models of steel fiber reinforced concrete slabs, Engineering and Technology Journal 38, 2A2020,126-142.
[45] Iraqi specification 5: Portland cement, 1984.
[46] Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete, 2005.
[47] Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures, 2020.
[48] Iraq Specofications. 45: Aggregate sieve analysis, 1984.
[49] Q. S. Banyhussan, G. Yıldırım, E. Bayraktar, S. Demirhan, M. J. C. Şahmaran, and b. materials, Deflection-hardening hybrid fiber reinforced concrete: The effect of aggregate content,Structural Concrete, 125, 2016,41-52.
[50] Q. S. Banyhussan, G. Yıldırım, Ö. Anıl, R. T. Erdem, A. Ashour, and M. J. S. C. Şahmaran, Impact resistance of deflection‐hardening fiber reinforced concretes with different mixture parameters, Structural Concrete, 20, 3, 2019,1036-1050.
[51] S. Demirhan et al., Impact behaviour of nanomodified deflection-hardening fibre-reinforced concretes, Magazine of Concrete Research, 72, 17, 2020, 865-887.
[52] H. Li, J. Ou, H. Xiao, X. Guan, and B. Han, Nanomaterials-enabled multifunctional concrete and structures, in Nanotechnology in civil infrastructure : A paradigm shift, K. Gopalakrishnan, B. Birgisson, P. Taylor, and N. O. Attoh-Okine, Eds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 131-173,2011.
[53] M.-q. Sun, R. J. Liew, M.-H. Zhang, and W. Li, Development of cement-based strain sensor for health monitoring of ultra high strength concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 65, 2014,630-637.
[54] G. J. E. Salman and T. Journal, Density and ultrasonic pulse velocity investigation of self-compacting carbon fiber-reinforced concrete, Engineering and Technology Journal 36, 1A, 2018.
[55] A. A. Nia, M. Hedayatian, M. Nili, and V. A. J. I. J. o. I. E. Sabet, An experimental and numerical study on how steel and polypropylene fibers affect the impact resistance in fiber-reinforced concrete, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 46, 2012,62-73.
[56] D.-L. Nguyen, D.-J. Kim, and D.-K. J. M. Thai, Enhancing damage-sensing capacity of strain-hardening macro-steel fiber-reinforced concrete by adding low amount of discrete carbons,Materials Journal, 12, 6, 2019,938.
[57] P.-W. Chen, X. Fu, and D. J. M. J. Chung, Microstructural and mechanical effects of latex, methylcellulose, and silica fume on carbon fiber reinforced cement, Materials Journal, 94, 2, 1997, 147-155.
[58] Q. S. Banyhussan, A. N. Hanoon, A. Al-Dahawi, G. Yıldırım, and A. A. Abdulhameed, Development of gravitational search algorithm model for predicting packing density of cementitious pastes, Journal of Building Engineering, 27, 2020.
[59] D. D. L. Chung, Piezoresistive cement-based materials for strain sensing, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 13, 9, 2002,599-609.
)
