[1] IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution. 2014.
[2] G. K. Vallis, P. Zurita-Gotor, C. Cairns, and J. Kidston, Response of the large-scale structure of the atmosphere to global warming, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 141 (2015) 1479–1501, doi: 10.1002/qj.2456.
[3] L. Al-Ghussain, Global warming: review on driving forces and mitigation, Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy, 38 (2019) 13–21, doi: 10.1002/ep.13041.
[4] D. L. Lombardozzi, G. B. Bonan, N. G. Smith, J. S. Dukes, and R. A. Fisher, Temperature acclimation of photosynthesis and respiration: A key uncertainty in the carbon cycle-climate feedback, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42 (2015) 8624–8631, doi: 10.1002/2015GL065934.
[5] P. Kinney, J. Schwartz, and M. Pascal, Réchauffement climatique : Doit-on s’attendre à une baisse de la mortalité hivernale ?, Environnement, Risques et Sante, 14 (2015) 468–469, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/10/6/064016.
[6] P. Lionello and L. Scarascia, The relation between climate change in the Mediterranean region and global warming, Reg. Environ. Chang., 18 (2018) 1481–1493, doi: 10.1007/s10113-018-1290-1.
[7] T. Bein, C. Karagiannidis, and M. Quintel, Climate change, global warming, and intensive care, Intensive Care Med., 46 (2020) 485–487, doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05888-4.
[8] A. Kleidon and M. Renner, A simple explanation for the sensitivity of the hydrologic cycle to surface temperature and solar radiation and its implications for global climate change, Earth Syst. Dyn., 4 (2013) 455–465, doi: 10.5194/esd-4-455-2013.
[9] A. Holsten, T. Vetter, K. Vohland, and V. Krysanova, Impact of climate change on soil moisture dynamics in Brandenburg with a focus on nature conservation areas, Ecol. Modell.,220 (2009) 2076–2087, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.04.038.
[10] M. Hauser, R. Orth, and S. I. Seneviratne, Role of soil moisture versus recent climate change for the 2010 heat wave in western Russia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43 (2016), 2819–2826, doi: 10.1002/2016GL068036.
[11] A. Dai, T. Zhao, and J. Chen, Climate Change and Drought: a Precipitation and Evaporation Perspective, Curr. Clim. Chang. Reports, 4 (2018) 301–312, doi: 10.1007/s40641-018-0101-6.
[12] P. A. O’Gorman, Precipitation Extremes Under Climate Change, Curr. Clim. Chang. Reports, 1 (2015) 49–59, doi: 10.1007/s40641-015-0009-3.
[13] J. S. Littell, S. A. McAfee, and G. D. Hayward, Alaska snowpack response to climate change: Statewide snowfall equivalent and snowpack water scenarios, Water (Switzerland), 10 (2018), doi: 10.3390/w10050668.
[14] M. Ohba and S. Sugimoto, Impacts of climate change on heavy wet snowfall in Japan, Clim. Dyn., 54 (2020) 3151–3164, doi: 10.1007/s00382-020-05163-z.
[15] I. Chawla and P. P. Mujumdar, Isolating the impacts of land use and climate change on streamflow, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19 (2015) 3633–3651, doi: 10.5194/hess-19-3633-2015.
[16] X. Tan and T. Y. Gan, Contribution of human and climate change impacts to changes in streamflow of Canada, Sci. Rep., 5 (2015), doi: 10.1038/srep17767.
[17] B. Su, J. Huang, X. Zeng, C. Gao, and T. Jiang, Impacts of climate change on streamflow in the upper Yangtze River basin, Clim. Change, 141 (2017) 533–546, doi: 10.1007/s10584-016-1852-5.
[18] B. Asadieh and N. Y. Krakauer, Global change in streamflow extremes under climate change over the 21st century, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21 (2017) 5863–5874, doi: 10.5194/hess-21-5863-2017.
[19] L. Touzé-Peiffer, A. Barberousse, and H. Le Treut, The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project: History, uses, and structural effects on climate research, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Chang., 11 (2020) 1–15, doi: 10.1002/wcc.648.
[20] S. Emori et al., CMIP5 data provided at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre, 2016.
[21] J. Lelieveld et al., Climate change and impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East, Clim. Change, 114 (2012) 667–687, doi: 10.1007/s10584-012-0418-4.
[22] M. A. Lange, Impacts of climate change on the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East and North Africa region and the water-energy nexus, Atmosphere (Basel)., 10 (2019), doi: 10.3390/atmos10080455.
[23] J. P. Evans, 21st century climate change in the Middle East, Clim. Change, 92 (2009) 417–432, doi: 10.1007/s10584-008-9438-5.
[24] J. Sowers, A. Vengosh, and E. Weinthal, Climate change, water resources, and the politics of adaptation in the Middle East and North Africa, Clim. Change, 104 (2011) 599–627, doi: 10.1007/s10584-010-9835-4.
[25] F. A. M. Al-Faraj and D. Tigkas, Impacts of Multi-year Droughts and Upstream Human-Induced Activities on the Development of a Semi-arid Transboundary Basin, Water Resour. Manag., 30 (2016) 5131–5143, doi: 10.1007/s11269-016-1473-9.
[26] T. A. Awchi and M. M. Kalyana, Meteorological drought analysis in northern Iraq using SPI and GIS, Sustain. Water Resour. Manag., 3, (2017) 451–463, doi: 10.1007/s40899-017-0111-x.
[27] N. Chokkavarapu and V. R. Mandla, Comparative study of GCMs, RCMs, downscaling and hydrological models: a review toward future climate change impact estimation, SN Appl. Sci., 1 (2019), doi: 10.1007/s42452-019-1764-x.
[28] D. Duethmann, G. Bloschl, and J. Parajka, Why does a conceptual hydrological model fail to correctly predict discharge changes in response to climate change?, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24 (2020) 3493–3511, doi: 10.5194/hess-24-3493-2020.
[29] R. Mohammed and M. Scholz, Climate change and anthropogenic intervention impact on the hydrologic anomalies in a semi-arid area: Lower Zab River Basin, Iraq, Environ. Earth Sci., 77 (2018), doi: 10.1007/s12665-018-7537-9.
[30] M. S. Al-Khafaji and R. D. Al-Chalabi, Assessment and mitigation of streamflow and sediment yield under climate change conditions in Diyala River Basin, Iraq, Hydrology, 6 (2019), doi: 10.3390/hydrology6030063.
[31] A. Nasser Hilo, F. H. Saeed, and N. Al-Ansari, Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources of Dokan Dam Watershed, Engineering, 11 (2019) 464–474, doi: 10.4236/eng.2019.118033.
[32] F. H. Saeed, M. S. Al-Khafaji, and F. Al-Faraj, Hydrologic response of arid and semi-arid river basins in Iraq under a changing climate, J. Water Clim. Chang., 00 (2022) 1–16, doi: 10.2166/wcc.2022.418.
[33] M. Al-Khafaji, F. H. Saeed, and N. Al-Ansari, The Interactive Impact of Land Cover and DEM Resolution on the Accuracy of Computed Streamflow Using the SWAT Model, Water. Air. Soil Pollut., 231 (2020) doi: 10.1007/s11270-020-04770-0.
[34] M. S. Al-khafaji and F. H. Saeed, Effect of DEM and Land Cover Resolutions on Simulated Runoff of Adhaim Watershed by SWAT Model, Eng. Technol. J., 36 (2018), doi: 10.30684/etj.36.4a.11.
[35] V. K. Sissakian, Geomorphology and morphometry of the three tributaries of Adhaim river, central part of Iraq Geology of Iraq View project Geology of Iraq View project, 2013 [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274372897.
[36] F. H. Saeed, M. S. Al-khafaji, and F. A. Al-faraj, Forecasting of Future Irrigation Water Demand for Salah-addin Province under Various Scenarios of Climate Change , 1 (2022).
[37] F. Abdulla and L. Al-Badranih, Application d’un modèle pluie-débit à trois bassins versants d’Irak, Hydrol. Sci. J., 45 (2000) 13–25, doi: 10.1080/02626660009492303.
[38] A. N. A. Hamdan, Rainfall-Runoff Modeling Using the HEC-HMS Model for the, 2021.
[39] H. H. Hussain et al., “Modifying the Spillway of Adhaim Dam, Reducing Flood Impact, and Saving Water, J. Water Manag. Model., 30 (2022) 1–11, doi: 10.14796/jwmm.c485.
[40] D. R. Fuka, M. T. Walter, C. Macalister, A. T. Degaetano, T. S. Steenhuis, and Z. M. Easton, Using the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis as weather input data for watershed models, Hydrol. Process., 28 (2014) 5613–5623, doi: 10.1002/hyp.10073.
[41] S. Mehan, T. Guo, M. W. Gitau, and D. C. Flanagan, Comparative study of different stochasticweather generators for long-term climate data simulation, Climate, 5 (2017) 1–40, doi: 10.3390/cli5020026.
[42] M. W. Gitau, S. Mehan, and T. Guo,Weather Generator Effectiveness in Capturing Climate Extremes, Environ. Process., 5 (2018) 153–165, doi: 10.1007/s40710-018-0291-x.
[43] M. A. Semenov and E. M. Barrow, LARS-WG: A Stochastic Weather Generator for Use in Climate Impact Studies version 3. User Manual, User Manual, Hertfordshire, UK, 2002.
[44] M. A. Semenov, R. J. Brooks, E. M. Barrow, and C. W. Richardson, Comparison of the WGEN and LARS-WG stochastic weather generators for diverse climates, Clim. Res., 10 (1998) 95–107, doi: 10.3354/cr010095.
[45] L. Yang et al., A comparison of the reproducibility of regional precipitation properties simulated respectively by weather generators and stochastic simulation methods, Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess., 6 (2021), doi: 10.1007/s00477-021-02053-6.
[46] P. W. Gassman, M. R. Reyes, C. H. Green, and J. G. Arnold, The Soil and Water Assessment Tool: Historical Development, Applications, and Future Research Directions, Trans. ASABE, 50 (2007) 1211–1250, doi: 10.13031/2013.23637.
[47] K. C. Abbaspour et al., Modelling hydrology and water quality in the pre-alpine/alpine Thur watershed using SWAT, J. Hydrol., 333 (2007) 413–430, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.09.014.
[48] K. C. Abbaspour, E. Rouholahnejad, S. Vaghefi, R. Srinivasan, H. Yang, and B. Kløve, A continental-scale hydrology and water quality model for Europe: Calibration and uncertainty of a high-resolution large-scale SWAT model, J. Hydrol., 524 (2015) 733–752, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.03.027.
[49] F. H. Saeed and M. S. and F. A. M. A.-F. Al-khafaji, Sensitivity of Irrigation Water Requirement to Climate Change in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions towards Sustainable Management of Water Resources, 2021.
[50] X. Zhang et al., Trends in Middle East climate extreme indices from 1950 to 2003, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 110 (2005) 1–12, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006181.
[51] E. Kostopoulou et al., Spatio-temporal patterns of recent and future climate extremes in the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East region, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14 (2014) 1565–1577, doi: 10.5194/nhess-14-1565-2014.
[52] Y. Brouziyne, A. Abouabdillah, R. Bouabid, L. Benaabidate, and O. Oueslati, SWAT manual calibration and parameters sensitivity analysis in a semi-arid watershed in North-western Morocco, Arab. J. Geosci.,10 (2017), doi: 10.1007/s12517-017-3220-9.
[53] S. H. Hosseini and M. R. Khaleghi, Application of SWAT model and SWAT-CUP software in simulation and analysis of sediment uncertainty in arid and semi-arid watersheds (case study: the Zoshk–Abardeh watershed), Model. Earth Syst. Environ., 6 (2020) 2003–2013, doi: 10.1007/s40808-020-00846-2.
[54] J. G. Arnold et al., SWAT: Model use, calibration, and validation, Trans. ASABE, 55 (2012) 1491–1508.
[55] W. G. Nassif, Z. A. AL-Ramahy, S. A. Muter, and O. T. Al-Taai, Effect of Variation of Rainfall, Soil Moisture and Evaporation in Baghdad City, no. December, 2020, doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24366.95047.
[56] “Aydın et al 2019.pdf.” .
[57] N. Khan, S. Shahid, K. Ahmed, T. Ismail, N. Nawaz, and M. Son, Performance assessment of general circulation model in simulating daily precipitation and temperature using multiple gridded datasets, Water (Switzerland), 2018, doi: 10.3390/w10121793.
[58] K. Ahmed, D. A. Sachindra, S. Shahid, M. C. Demirel, and E. S. Chung, Selection of multi-model ensemble of general circulation models for the simulation of precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature based on spatial assessment metrics, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23 (2019) 4803–4824, doi: 10.5194/hess-23-4803-2019.
[59] F. H. S. Chiew, Estimation of rainfall elasticity of streamflow in Australia, Hydrol. Sci. J., 51 (2006) 613–625, doi: 10.1623/hysj.51.4.613.
[60] M. Sharif, J. M. Islamia, H. J. Fowler, and N. Forsythe, Trends in timing and magnitude of flow in the Upper Indus Basin, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 9 (2012) 9931–9966, doi: 10.5194/hessd-9-9931-2012.
[61] K. N. Musselman, M. P. Clark, C. Liu, K. Ikeda, and R. Rasmussen, Slower snowmelt in a warmer world, Nat. Clim. Chang., 7 (2017) 214–219, doi: 10.1038/nclimate3225.
[62] E. Rottler, A. Bronstert, G. Bürger, and O. Rakovec, Projected changes in Rhine River flood seasonality under global warming, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25 (2021) 2353–2371, doi: 10.5194/hess-25-2353-2021.