Engineering and Technology Journal

Dynamic Characterization Assessment and Optimization of Reactive Powder Underwater Concrete

Doha M. AlSaffar; Basil S. Al-Shathr; Suhair K. Abed

Volume 41, Issue 11 , November 2023, , Page 1414-1431

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.143193.1566

Abstract

This study investigates the dynamic properties of Reactive Powder Underwater Concrete (RPUWC), a novel composite integrating attributes of Reactive Powder Concrete and underwater cast ... Read More ...

Studying the Effect of Phosphogypsum Addition on Ceramic Membrane Properties

Adel Zrelli; Elhem Metoui; Abdoulaye Doucouré

Volume 41, Issue 9 , September 2023, , Page 1130-1138

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.139309.1426

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of phosphogypsum addition on ceramic membrane properties. In this regard, clay and phosphogypsum were characterized using FTIR and laser ... Read More ...

Servo and Regulatory Response of an Industrial Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Unit under Fuzzy Logic Supervisory Control

Princewill N. Josiah; Ipeghan J. Otaraku; Benson O. Evbuomwan

Volume 41, Issue 9 , September 2023, , Page 1139-1151

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.139485.1432

Abstract

A self-tuning hierarchical controller in which a Fuzzy logic controller supervises the control actions of a conventional PID has been proposed, implemented and presented in this paper. ... Read More ... A self-tuning hierarchical controller in which a Fuzzy logic controller supervises the control actions of a conventional PID has been proposed, implemented and presented in this paper. The controller has been applied to a control study of Fluid Catalytic Cracking unit (FCCU) riser temperature, and regenerator temperature respectively. Comparison between the performance of the proposed Fuzzy-PID controller and the conventional PID was made in simulation studies of regulatory and servo performances of the two controller types. Six performance measures: Percent overshoot (OS), settling time (ST), integral absolute error (IAE), integral square error (ISE), integral time absolute error (ITAE) and integral time square error (ITSE) were employed as the tools for performance comparison between the conventional PID and the Fuzzy-PID controller. For the tracking of riser temperature with a set point at 524oC, the performance indicators under PID control gave the following results overshoot (14.5%); settling time (40 seconds) Integral absolute error (8.246), integral square error (3.3); integral time absolute error(1762);integral time square error (43.77) while for the same indicators under Fuzzy-PID control the following values: overshoot (3.3%); settling time (40 seconds) ;Integral absolute error (8.811); integral square error (14.5); integral time absolute error(280),;integral time square error (31.11) .The results allude to the superiority of the fuzzy-PID scheme over the PID scheme in tracking the optimal set point of riser temperature. More so, for tracking the regenerator set point temperature of 746oC, comparative study of step response under the two schemes gave the following results in six performance indicators: overshoot (PID (12.6%) / Fuzzy-PID (6%)); settling time (PID (80 seconds) / Fuzzy-PID (20seconds)); Integral absolute error (PID (14.29) / Fuzzy-PID (8.63)); integral square error (PID(6.713). Fuzzy-PID (4.506)); integral time absolute error(PID(2858)/Fuzzy-PID(305.9)), integral time square error (PID(77.55)/Fuzzy-PID(33.05)) . Moreover, the fuzzy-PID controller also showed superior performance over the conventional PID controller in terms disturbance rejection (regulatory response) of both riser and regenerator temperature. The results from this study suggest that the application of fuzzy-PID scheme to temperature control offers good promise of improved fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) operations.

Decontamination of Aqueous Nuclear Waste via Pressure-driven Membrane Application – A Short Review

Taisir K. Abbas; Khalid T. Rashid; Saad Al-Saady; Alanood A. Alsarayrehd; Alberto Figoli; Qusay F. AlSalhy

Volume 41, Issue 9 , September 2023, , Page 1152-1174

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.140193.1454

Abstract

Radioactive waste poses significant risks to human health and the environment due to the emission of gamma rays, beta particles, and alpha particles from natural or artificial radioactive ... Read More ... Radioactive waste poses significant risks to human health and the environment due to the emission of gamma rays, beta particles, and alpha particles from natural or artificial radioactive elements. This paper reviews the essential sources of radioactive waste, their potential risks to humans and the environment, their classification depending on their chemical, physical, and radiological features, and the treatment techniques utilized to prevent them from leaking into the environment. In addition, the current study focuses on using membranes exclusively and membrane technologies in the remediation of radioactive liquid wastes. The use of pressure-driven membrane technologies, such as reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration, is particularly emphasized. Additionally, the use of nanomaterials like titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silica, alumina, silver oxide, zeolite, copper ferrocyanides, and carbon nanotubes embedded with membranes to improve their effectiveness and enhance their applicability decreases the risks associated with radioactive contamination via modifying membrane properties including flow rate, the result of rejecting radioactive particles dissolved or suspended in contaminated water, hydrophobic and hydrophilic membrane's ability and among other properties. Moreover, incorporating nanoparticles into reinforced membranes enhances the mechanics of nanocomposite membrane surfaces via processes like adsorption and ion exchange with various radioactive ions. Besides increasing nanocomposite membranes' performance in reducing the hazardous radionuclides effects, it modifies membrane properties, such as enhancing antibacterial capabilities, antifouling, mechanical stability, and thermal stability. The article review also discusses hybrid pressure-driven membrane processes in disposing of radionuclides generated in nuclear power plants, hospitals, research facilities, and decontamination projects to protect human health and the environment.

Production of High-Efficiency Alternative Biodiesel from Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using an In-house Made Y-Type Zeolite Catalyst

Huda A. Abdul-Kader; Zaidoon M. Shakor; Bashir Y. Al-Zaidi; Shurooq T. Al-Humairi; Musa Salihu

Volume 41, Issue 9 , September 2023, , Page 1175-1192

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.141766.1513

Abstract

Y-zeolite catalyst, with a Si/Al ratio of 2.23 and a high surface area of 703.34 m2/gcat, was prepared with three different particle sizes: 75, 600, and 1000 μm, from commercial ... Read More ... Y-zeolite catalyst, with a Si/Al ratio of 2.23 and a high surface area of 703.34 m2/gcat, was prepared with three different particle sizes: 75, 600, and 1000 μm, from commercial Ludox AS-40 colloidal silica 40 wt.% suspension in water using the hydrothermal method. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses were all utilized to analyze the properties of the synthesized Y-zeolite catalyst. Waste cooking oil (WCO) was transesterified to biodiesel in a batch reactor under different temperatures (e.g., 40, 50, and 60 °C) for 3 hours, and the activity of the catalyst was evaluated before and after being loaded with potassium oxide (K2O) molecules using the impregnation method. It is observed that the biodiesel conversion and yield, in the presence of a non-KOH-loaded catalyst, rose with increasing temperature and/or reaction time. However, increasing the reaction time beyond 2 hours in the presence of the catalyst loaded with 10% KOH decreased biodiesel conversion and yield. It has also been found that using catalysts with smaller particle sizes (e.g.,75 μm) is more favorable for enhancing the conversion of the catalytic process due to the acceleration of the reaction rate. A maximum biodiesel yield and conversion of 84.44% and 80%, respectively, were obtained. Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), the composition and physical characteristics of the produced biodiesel were compared with those of standard fuels and the comparison results were particularly satisfactory. The spent Y catalyst loaded with KOH was recovered, reactivated, and reused in subsequent reactions. It exhibited outstanding catalytic activity, which is a testament to its cost advantage since it could significantly reduce the need for large quantities of costly homogeneous catalysts that are difficult to separate from the reaction products.

Heat Transfer Coefficients in Air-Solid Fluidized Bed Using Vertical Heating Element

Fadhil H. Faraj; Jamal M. Ali; Sarmad T. Najim

Volume 41, Issue 9 , September 2023, , Page 1193-1203

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.140024.1451

Abstract

In various chemical industrial applications such as hydrocracking, drying, and Fischer-Tropsch, the utilization of fluidized bed systems is prevalent. Efficient heat transfer is crucial ... Read More ...

The Energy-Efficient Control Solutions of Smart Street Lighting Systems: A Review, Issues, and Recommendations

Tarek Abedin; Chong Tak Yaw; Siaw Paw Koh; M.A. Hannan; Sieh Kiong Tiong; Kok Hen Chong; Ahmed N Abdalla; Kharudin Ali

Volume 41, Issue 8 , August 2023, , Page 1034-1057

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.137195.1338

Abstract

The smart street-lighting system (SSLS) is a leading candidate in the smart city. By the time of the last 15 cycles, many meaningful improvements have been executed in the SSLS with ... Read More ...

Image Processing Evaluation of LSP Effect on the Corrosion Rate for the 304 Alloy

Raghad N. Salman; Razi J Al-azawi; A. Kadhim

Volume 41, Issue 8 , August 2023, , Page 1058-1067

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.136032.1294

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to inhibit the corrosion rate using the (LSP) laser shock processing technology with an ND-YAG laser utilizing the Q-switched technique with a wavelength ... Read More ...

Comparative Study of Three SAW Configurations for Temperature Sensing

Serhane R.; Belkhelfa N.

Volume 41, Issue 8 , August 2023, , Page 1068-1081

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.137423.1346

Abstract

This paper demonstrates three SAW configurations' electrical and mechanical behaviors: a one-port resonator, a two-port resonator, and a delay line that works as temperature sensors ... Read More ...

Implementation of Hyperbolic Sine and Cosine Functions Based on FPGA using different Approaches

Rawasee k. yousif; Ivan A. Hashim; Bassam H. Abd

Volume 41, Issue 8 , August 2023, , Page 1091-1106

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.139756.1440

Abstract

This paper presents the implementations of the hyperbolic sine and cosine functions, which are essential in many digital systems. In the previous eras, these functions were only implemented ... Read More ...

Speech Recognition Algorithm in a Noisy Environment Based on Power Normalized Cepstral Coefficient and Modified Weighted-KNN

Mohammed E. Safi; Eyad I. Abbas

Volume 41, Issue 8 , August 2023, , Page 1107-1117

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.140643.1469

Abstract

Speech recognition is widely used in robot control and automation. Nevertheless, the use of speech recognition in robots is limited due to its susceptibility to background noise. This ... Read More ...

Investigation of Fault Analysis for Renewable Energy Microgrid

Afaneen A. Abbood; Hanan M. Habbi; Mohamed A. Zohdy

Volume 41, Issue 8 , August 2023, , Page 1118-1129

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.139498.1433

Abstract

This paper investigates the behavior of four bus grid-connected systems during different types of faults. The microgrid comprises a utility grid, a solar PV energy system, a diesel ... Read More ...

Computational Single and Multiphase Approaches to Investigate the Hydrothermal Behavior of Hybrid Nano-fluid in Plain and Wavy Tubes

Ahmed S. Habeeb; Sattar Aljabair; AbdulHassan A. Karamallah

Volume 41, Issue 7 , July 2023, , Page 886-903

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.136449.1316

Abstract

The newest class of heat transfer improvement is accomplished by using hybrid Nano-fluids. Therefore, the heat transfer and pressure drop of a mixture of Iron oxide (Fe3O4) and Magnesium ... Read More ...

Experimental and Numerical Study of Spur Gears With Lightening Holes

Almurtadha A. Ahmed; Ali R. Hassan

Volume 41, Issue 7 , July 2023, , Page 904-914

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.134713.1246

Abstract

The gear is a very important component of power transmission in a flying vehicle and rotating mechanisms etc... In this paper, the dynamic effect and stresses generated as a result ... Read More ...

Investigation of Frequency-Domain-Based Vibration Signal Analysis for UAV Unbalance Fault Classification

Luttfi A. Al-Haddad; Alaa A. Jaber; Paramin Neranon; Sinan A. Al-Haddad

Volume 41, Issue 7 , July 2023, , Page 915-923

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.137412.1348

Abstract

The flying reliability of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and flying robots, which directly determines the operational degree of safety, is becoming more important in recent intelligent ... Read More ...

Effect of ECAP process on mechanical properties and microstructure of AA-6061 recycled chips

Rawa H. Mohammed; Ayad F. Shahab; Alireza Rezaei

Volume 41, Issue 7 , July 2023, , Page 924-939

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.137807.1367

Abstract

The oxidation of aluminum machined chips makes successful recycling via the traditional re-melting technique difficult. A viable solution to this problem is to utilize solid-state recycling ... Read More ...

Mathematical Model of Properties and Experimental Fatigue Investigation at Elevated Temperatures of Functionally Gradient Materials

Ziadoon M.R Al-hadrayi; Ahmed N. Al-Khazraji; Ahmed A. Shandookh

Volume 41, Issue 7 , July 2023, , Page 940-953

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.137509.1352

Abstract

Fatigue that occurs at elevated temperatures is called thermal fatigue. High temperatures and cycling loads cause thermal fatigue that can cause component failures. In this paper, induced ... Read More ... Fatigue that occurs at elevated temperatures is called thermal fatigue. High temperatures and cycling loads cause thermal fatigue that can cause component failures. In this paper, induced the mathematical models for functionally gradient materials and three models of functionally gradient materials (FGMs) manufactured by permanent casting were tested to predict their thermal fatigue life. FGMs have been tested to determine the effect of fatigue and temperature interactions. FGMs models were of FGM1, FGM2, and FGM3 respectively, with the following volume fractions and gradations: [100%Al-50%Al50%Zn-50%Zn50%Al-100%Zn], [100%Al-30%Zn70%Al-70%Zn30%Al-100%Zn] and [100%Al-70%Zn30%Al-30%Zn70%Al-100%Zn]. The experimental procedure presented the mechanical properties as modulus of elasticity at two levels of temperatures (80 oC, and 160 oC). Through the results of the tensile test at high temperatures, it was noted that the reduction percentage was high in the second type. This was especially for the yield strength value, where the percentage reached 43% at 160 °C. In the second type, the ultimate strength was affected more at 160 °C: the decrease percentage reached 33%, and the elastic modulus at the same temperature fell by 32%. The third type is the least affected at high temperatures, as the percentage of properties decrease at 160 °C reached 16, 17, and 16% for modulus of elasticity, ultimate strength, and yield strength, respectively. Fatigue strength is the most significant among the mechanical properties, where the highest value of the fatigue limit for the third type was experimentally 149.68 MPa. While the lowest value of fatigue strength was the second type, and at the same time, on the contrary, it was less affected at high temperatures, with a rate of 8%, which reached the decrease. The simulation results from the ANSYS program regarding fatigue at high temperatures were acceptable and gave reasonable variation ratios and were very close to the experimental results.

The Effect of Electrode Geometry and Pre-heating Treatment on Resistance Spot Welding Strength

Lana I. Hassan; Hameed D. Lafta

Volume 41, Issue 7 , July 2023, , Page 954-962

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.138070.1371

Abstract

Resistance spot welding (RSW) is one of the most significant and common metal joining methods used in industries. The present paper discusses the comparative performance of resistance ... Read More ...

The Effect of Vibrating Inner Cylinder on Natural Convective Heat Transfer in Concentric and Eccentric Horizontal Cylindrical Annuli

Baydaa K. Khudhair; Adel M. Saleh; Ali L. Ekaid

Volume 41, Issue 7 , July 2023, , Page 963-978

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.137848.1362

Abstract

In this study, natural heat convection caused by centric and vertically eccentric long horizontal cylinders under the influence of vibration is experimentally investigated. The internal ... Read More ... In this study, natural heat convection caused by centric and vertically eccentric long horizontal cylinders under the influence of vibration is experimentally investigated. The internal wall of the annulus is heated and kept at a constant heat flux, while the outside wall is cooled and maintained at a constant temperature. The vibration frequency impacts the annular convection heat transfer process and the effects of the Rayleigh number, heat flow, and eccentricity. This work employed a moderate, laminar-ranging Rayleigh number from (5×104 to 6.48×106), while the eccentricity range is varied from (-0.667, 0, and+0.667). The investigation is carried out at five different frequencies (0, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Hz); therefore, it was decided to compare the case under the same circumstances in both the absence and presence of vibration. The present results' verification worked exceptionally well in concordance with previous studies. When heat fluxes are considered, the study demonstrates that the temperature difference along the gap (radial difference) between the two cylinders significantly decreases for negative as opposed to positive eccentricities for each Rayleigh number. For different eccentricities, it was discovered that the temperature difference decreased as the Rayleigh number increased. Along with these reductions, the temperature difference was promoted as the vibration frequency increased, which is significant at (20 Hz) within the range considered for controlling parameters. It was also observed that the decrease in temperature difference is higher for the negative eccentric position than for the centric and positive positions. At vertical positive eccentricity at a low Rayleigh number, the gain in vibrational average Nusselt number caused by applying vibration had a minimum value of 22.50601475%, While at the higher value of the Rayleigh number, the maximum increase in negative vertical eccentricity was 86.66933125%. However, the gain in the average Nusselt number depends on the position of the heated inner cylinder, the Rayleigh number, and the vibrational frequency.

Performance Evaluation of PV Panel Powered Dual Thermoelectric Air Conditioning System

Mustafa M. Salman; Mahmoud M. Mahdi; Majida K. Ahmed

Volume 41, Issue 7 , July 2023, , Page 979-990

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.138058.1370

Abstract

Thermoelectric air condition system (TEACs) powered by solar photovoltaics is useful for thermal comfort applications, especially when there is a direct energy source like sunlight. ... Read More ...

Exploring the effects of a new lifter design and ball mill speed on grinding performance and particle behaviour: A comparative analysis

Ali Safa; Sahraoui Aissat

Volume 41, Issue 7 , July 2023, , Page 991-1000

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.138456.1394

Abstract

Ball mills are the leading grinding equipment in the mineral processing industry. Balls are the primary component in the grinding of materials. Lifters lift these balls to the shoulder ... Read More ...

Impact of Cooling Fluid Temperature on the Structural Integrity of Gas Turbine Stator Blades

Olumide Towoju

Volume 41, Issue 7 , July 2023, , Page 1001-1009

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.138881.1409

Abstract

The importance of gas turbine engines to the aviation industry cannot be overemphasized. Being a major part of aircrafts and jets, its reliability must be second to none. They are continuously ... Read More ...

Analytical Study of Free Vibration Characteristics For Sandwich Cylindrical Shell With Single Phase Metal Core

Ahmed Mouthanna; Sadeq H. Bakhy; Muhannad Al-Waily

Volume 41, Issue 7 , July 2023, , Page 1010-1025

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.139795.1441

Abstract

This paper presents an analytical investigation of the nonlinear vibration characteristics of a single-phase functionally graded cylindrical shell panel with various porous metal cores. ... Read More ...

Comparative Study of Induction Motor and Steam Turbine at Kebon Agung Sugar Factory Malang Indonesia

Roro Heni Hendaryati; Sudarman Sudarman; Damario Indra Baskoro; Nyoto Susilo; Cucut Hendra Pamungkas; Willy Satrio Nugroho; Yepy Komaril Sofi'i

Volume 41, Issue 7 , July 2023, , Page 1026-1033

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.139996.1449

Abstract

Induction motors and steam turbines are the main components in the sugar cane milling process. This study analyzes the efficiency of induction motors and steam turbines as mill drives ... Read More ...

Nano-structured Thin Films for Hydrogen-Permeation Barrier Applied on AISI 1018 Steel Used in Petroleum Applications

Neam F. Mohammed; Bahaa S. Mahdi; Amin D. Thamir

Volume 41, Issue 6 , June 2023, , Page 745-755

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2022.134357.1268

Abstract

Hydrogen embrittlement is a diffusible Hydrogen that is harmful to the toughness of iron. It follows, therefore, that the harmful influence of diffusible Hydrogen can be mitigated by ... Read More ...

Main Subjects = Engineering

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