Engineering and Technology Journal

Research Paper

The Impact of Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) Process Parameters on the Microhardness of Stainless Steel SUS420 Bubble Cups

Athraa M. Salih Ahmed; Saad K. Shather

Volume 42, Issue 6 , June 2024, Page 615-623

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.142890.1563

Abstract

The optimal performance of bubble cups relies on achieving the appropriate surface quality, a common requirement in various industrial applications. The effectiveness of the Magnetic ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Experimental and Multi-Optimization Investigation of Machining (X210) Alloy Steel Using Angled EDM Electrodes

Ahmed M. Abbas; Ali Abbar Khleif

Volume 42, Issue 6 , June 2024, Page 624-636

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.143826.1612

Abstract

Electrical Discharging Machining (EDM) offers broad capabilities that allow it to be used in the manufacturing, automotive, and aviation industries, as well as practically all disciplines ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Cold sintering process of hydroxyapatite derived from natural bone and co-precipitation method: a comparative study

Hawraa O. Abbas; Hanaa A. Smeig; Zuhair J. Abdul Ameer

Volume 42, Issue 6 , June 2024, Page 637-651

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.143947.1617

Abstract

This study uses a novel sintering technique at very low temperatures (below 300°C) named the Cold Sintering Process to produce highly dense Hydroxyapatite (HA) samples. Nano hydroxyapatite ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Antibacterial improvement with multilayer of bio-composite coatings produced by electrophoretic deposition

Noor A AL-Ali; Makarim H. Abdulkareem; Iman A. Anoon

Volume 42, Issue 6 , June 2024, Page 652-664

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.143475.1588

Abstract

In this study, multi-structured coatings of biocompatible and antibacterial materials on a 316L stainless steel (SS) implant have been electrophoretically deposited for orthopedic applications. ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Design and manufacturing of custom 3D printed bone implants

Zaineb H. Neamah; Luma A. Al-Kindi; Ghassan Al-Kindi

Volume 42, Issue 6 , June 2024, Page 665-676

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.143788.1609

Abstract

In medical surgery, a customized implant is often required to meet surgical requirements, especially in cases with complicated or traumatic deformities. The emerging techniques of additive ... Read More ... In medical surgery, a customized implant is often required to meet surgical requirements, especially in cases with complicated or traumatic deformities. The emerging techniques of additive manufacturing, e.g., 3D printing, may help provide a quick response to such needs, provided that a valid approach capturing required implant shape data is generated and processed to better suit 3D printing. Different materials, including biocompatible polymer and metal, may suit medical-surgical applications. In this paper, an investigation is conducted to assess 3D printing technology use as part of a full system, from capturing implant shape data to producing the customized implant. The investigation is supported by experimental studies of medical cases. The first case aimed to produce shatter-related finger distal phalanx implants, whereas the second aimed to design and reconstruct a suitable cranial implant for a patient with a left frontoparietal skull lesion. For these cases, the study has adopted a scenario based on CT scans to generate the required implant shape data; hence using DICOM format. The captured data from the two cases are processed using a developed systematic processing approach to generate the final design of the required customized implants. The designs are then converted into suitable manufacturing codes for 3D printed plastic and metal prototypes enabling the assessment of the technique utilizing the facilities of UrukTech Company in Baghdad, Iraq, and Sohar University in Oman. Results show that the developed approach, from data capture to 3D printed implants, has succeeded in addressing the need for customized implants. For instance, the accuracy of the cranial implant was confirmed dimensionally, aiding in restoring structures, appearance, and psychological stability. The design and manufacturing of custom 3D-printed bone implants represent a significant advancement in medical technology and orthopedics, provided that biocompatible materials are used. Therefore, the technique may be adopted in the near future to serve the medical surgery field. The developed approach in this study encompasses several key ideas, contributions, and significant results, including creating patient-specific bone implants by utilizing medical imaging and 3D printing. Hence, the developed approach enables the creation of complex implant geometries that otherwise would be challenging to manufacture.

Research Paper

Microwave dielectric properties of Zn1-xCuxWO4 (x= 0, 0.03)/Polymer Composites

Lamees S. Faeq; saad B. Farid; Fadhel A. Hashim

Volume 42, Issue 6 , June 2024, Page 677-686

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.143514.1590

Abstract

The rapid growth in wireless telecommunication systems has spurred a strong interest in lightweight, compact, and cost-effective materials. One promising solution for achieving these ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Experimental and optimization study of powder metallurgy process parameters of magnesium base AZ31 alloy using taguchi method

Basma F. Sultan; Muna K. Abbass; Jawdat A. Yagoob; Yang Y. Guo

Volume 42, Issue 6 , June 2024, Page 687-698

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.142510.1539

Abstract

Powder metallurgy (PM) is a highly effective re-processing method mostly used for magnesium-base alloys, especially in high-performance Mg alloys. In the present work, the experimental ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Effect of carbonization on the mechanical properties of mild steel utilizing oak charcoal as a carbon source

Omer S. Mahmood

Volume 42, Issue 6 , June 2024, Page 699-707

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.144383.1630

Abstract

Carburizing is a process that improves the mechanical properties of low-carbon steel, particularly its surface hardness. Introducing carbon into the steel's surface enhances the creation ... Read More ...

Review Paper

MXene (Ti C Tx) based nanosheet photocatalysts for water remediation: challenges and recent developments

Hadeel A. Abbas; Khalid K. Abbas; Ahmed M. Al-Ghaban

Volume 42, Issue 6 , June 2024, Page 708-721

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.146505.1683

Abstract

Two-dimensional nano structural compounds are attracting the focus of researchers worldwide. The need to treat wastewater and prevent the release of hazardous substances into the environment ... Read More ... Two-dimensional nano structural compounds are attracting the focus of researchers worldwide. The need to treat wastewater and prevent the release of hazardous substances into the environment has increased because of growing environmental awareness. New compounds, most of which are not biodegradable, have emerged due to rising consumer expectations. Due to their distinctive chemical and physical characteristics, MXene has lately been recognized as an exciting option. The strong hydrophilicity of MXene makes them a promising candidate for environmental remediation methods like photocatalysis, natural chemical nature, and powerful electrochemistry—adsorption, membrane separation, and electrocatalytic sensors for identifying pollution. MXene has strong surface functional groups, an ion exchange property, and an extremely hydrophilic surface. The most recent developments in MXene preparation and characterization for (Ti C Tx) based nano photocatalysts for water remediation and applications are summarized in this review. Additionally, there are difficulties associated with the synthesis and application of MXene for examining and discussing pollution decontamination. This emerging field focuses on utilizing MXene materials to address water pollution issues through photocatalytic processes. Challenges in designing effective MXene-based photocatalysts are explored, including issues related to charge carrier separation, electron transfer dynamics, and optimizing catalytic efficiency. Recent developments and innovative strategies for overcoming these challenges are discussed, highlighting advancements in enhancing photocatalytic performance and improving water remediation capabilities. The synopsis aims to provide a concise overview of the current state of MXene-based nano photocatalysts for water treatment, offering insights into both hurdles and promising breakthroughs in this critical area of environmental research.

Research Paper

Innovative self-healing concrete using polycarboxylate ether: a fused deposition modeling approach with 3D-printed polylactic acid vascular networks

Noor A. Hameed; Alaa A. Abdul-Hamead; Farhad M. Othman

Volume 42, Issue 6 , June 2024, Page 722-735

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.145499.1655

Abstract

Concrete's fracture susceptibility is due to its limited tensile strength, which can lead to cracks. Steel reinforcement is added to designated areas to address this issue, but minuscule ... Read More ... Concrete's fracture susceptibility is due to its limited tensile strength, which can lead to cracks. Steel reinforcement is added to designated areas to address this issue, but minuscule cracks can allow liquids and vapors to infiltrate the reinforcing material, causing corrosion. Self-healing concrete can resist corrosion by mending and sealing minor cracks. This study aims to determine if fused deposition modeling (FDM) can fabricate innovative vascular networks and tubes from polylactic acid (PLA) created by using three-dimensional (3D) printing methods, and its characteristics were contrasted with those of two- and one-dimensional (2D) networks.The dimensions of the internal and exterior diameters were 4 and 5.6 mm, respectively. The researchers used a planetary ball mill to apply an organic polycarboxylate ether liquid and fly ash nanopowder to all vascular architectures. The prefabricated tubes were then incorporated into a concrete beam to enable self-repairing capabilities. The water-to-cement ratio was 0.6%; the mixture was 1 part cement, 2.16 parts water, and 2.98 other ingredients. The self-healing properties were assessed using a four-point bending test. The developed pipes can produce self-healing concrete by introducing nano fly ash particles and low-viscosity healing solutions into the blood vessel network, enabling the concrete to undergo self-repair mechanisms. The specimen that had 3D treatment restored its strength to 95% at flexural recovery.The dimensions of the internal and exterior diameters were 4 and 5.6 mm, respectively. The researchers used a planetary ball mill to apply an organic polycarboxylate ether liquid and fly ash nanopowder to all types of vascular architectures. The prefabricated tubes were then incorporated into a concrete beam to enable self-repairing capabilities. The water-to-cement ratio was 0.6%, and the mixture was 1-part cement, 2.16 parts water, and 2.98 parts other ingredients. The self-healing properties were assessed using a four-point bending test. The developed pipes can be used in the production of self-healing concrete by introducing nano fly ash particles into the blood vessel network and low-viscosity healing solutions, enabling the concrete to undergo self-repair mechanisms. the specimen that had 3D treatment restored its strength to a level of 95% at flexural recovery.

Research Paper

Optimization of mechanical and biocompatible properties of ZnOs-fiber membranes

Dalia M. Jomaa; Abbas Kh. Hussein; Jamal J. Dawood

Volume 42, Issue 6 , June 2024, Page 736-753

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.145042.1650

Abstract

This study uses electro-spinning techniques to create a poly(vinyl alcohol)-chitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticles (PVA+CS)+ZnO NPs system in three concentrations of ZnO for application ... Read More ... This study uses electro-spinning techniques to create a poly(vinyl alcohol)-chitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticles (PVA+CS)+ZnO NPs system in three concentrations of ZnO for application as composite nanofibers for wound treatment applications and Employing the Taguchi technique to optimize the mechanical characteristics via a four-level experimental design process (L16). Numerous techniques have been utilized to characterize the nanofibrous scaffolds: contact angle measurement, cytotoxicity testing, proliferation testing, evaluation of antimicrobial activity, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersion X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and a comparative experimental study involving the determination of hardness using the Nanoindentation method for (PVA+CS)+ZnO. The ideal combination for adding ZnO as nanoparticles was found to be (PVA+CS)+0.6 ZnO, with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/hr, an applied voltage of 18 kV, and a needle tip-to-collector distance of 15 cm (position). This resulted in the smallest fiber diameter (48 nm) with a smooth and uniform distribution. As a consequence, (PVA+CS)+ZnO can be regarded as non-toxic in accordance with the criteria. The methyl thiazole tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to evaluate the cell viability of L929 (cell cultures for skin). It significantly affects cell viability, achieving 50% in less than 24 hours, which means cell growth through 24 hours is necessary for embryonic development, tissue repair, and regulation of cell division in case of wound healing. Exhibiting findings of inhibition zone diameter in antibacterial activity test exceeding 20 mm. According to the results, (PVA+CS)+0.6 ZnO's hydrophilic properties showed a well-connected porous structure and made it easier for nutrients and oxygen to be exchanged, encouraging cellular activity. After evaluating the mechanical characteristics of each specimen, the main determinants of these characteristics are determined using a Taguchi orthogonal array L16 design. The results of this study suggest that (PVA+CS)+0.6 ZnO could be a good biomedical material for skin tissue engineering applications.

Research Paper

Effect of MXene Ti3C2 on the PVDF ultrafiltration membrane properties and performance

Tamara W. Abood; Kadium M. Shabeeb; Aseel B. Alzubaydi; Qusay F Alsalhy; Pei S. Goh; Ahmad F. Ismail; Adel Zrelli

Volume 42, Issue 6 , June 2024, Page 754-767

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.145778.1663

Abstract

The problem of membrane fouling remains a significant concern in ultrafiltration, a commonly employed method in water treatment due to its high efficacy and minimal energy consumption. ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Production of copper nanoparticles using alpha-amylase enzyme by an electrochemical deposition method

Neamah M. Hadi; Mohammad H. Hafiz; F. F. Sayyid; Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak

Volume 42, Issue 6 , June 2024, Page 768-783

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.146236.1674

Abstract

This study aims to explain the effect of adding the bioactive substance (alpha enzyme) to the electrolyte solution using electrochemical deposition. Through which copper nanoparticles ... Read More ... This study aims to explain the effect of adding the bioactive substance (alpha enzyme) to the electrolyte solution using electrochemical deposition. Through which copper nanoparticles are manufactured, the originality of the research lies in the presence of this addition as a new method in manufacturing nanoparticles in an electrochemical manner, as the alpha-amylase enzyme is extracted from camel saliva, and the product has been diagnosed using (EDX) and scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) techniques. , Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) technology, and Zeta potential. The proposed method is an easy, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly method where the alpha enzyme was used as a feedstock at concentrations of (0.25, 0.50, 0.57, and 1) g added to a solution containing the ideal sample obtained through the electrochemical precipitation process before adding the enzyme, as the solution before The addition process contains concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at concentrations of (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60) g/ml. The regular shape and stable distribution can be observed after the addition compared to the shape of the particles before the addition in terms of shape and size. The process was carried out under constant conditions, including the current. Direct, voltage and temperature, and after the addition process, sulfuric acid was dispensed with, while the process conditions with the addition were at a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius and an incubation period that lasted a full hour before the electrodeposition process was carried out in accordance with the enzyme activity conditions, where a nanosized copper powder of a granular size was obtained. Approximately 44 nanometers. It is worth noting that the nanoparticle size was modulated using the experimental conditions, e.g., pH, reducing step, enzyme amount, or incubation time. This controlled synthesis allows the preparation of CuNP bionanoparticles at Cu 3.13 powder at a concentration of 80 g CuSO4 + 0.50 α-amylase.

Data Transfer of Total Station Traverses

Ruba Yousif Hussain

Volume 32, Issue 8 , August 2014, , Page 1903-1915

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.32.8A2

Abstract

The major objective of this paper is to transfer field data stored in the total station memory to a computer . Number of stations is established in the study area . The positions of ... Read More ...

The Use of Inexpensive Sorbents to Remove Dyes from Wastewater - A Review

Firas Sh. Ahmed; Adnan A. Abdul Razak; May A. Muslim

Volume 40, Issue 3 , March 2022, , Page 498-515

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.v40i3.2281

Abstract

Dyes are utilized in various industrial applications, and some businesses' effluents include hazardous dyes. Humans, aquatic creatures, and the environment are all harmed by dyes. As ... Read More ...

A Review of the Natural Gas Purification from Acid Gases by Membrane

Dheyaa Jasim; Thamer J. Mohammed; Mohammad F. Abid

Volume 40, Issue 3 , March 2022, , Page 441-450

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.v40i3.1983

Abstract

This study aims to shed light on natural gas as an important and promising energy source. This energy source is the fastest-growing source in the world due to the increasing global ... Read More ...

Hand Gesture Recognition of Static Letters American Sign Language (ASL) Using Deep Learning

Abdulwahab A. Abdulhussein; Firas A. Raheem

Volume 38, 6A , June 2020, , Page 926-937

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i6A.533

Abstract

An American Sign Language (ASL) is a complex language. It is depending on the special gesture stander of marks. These marks are represented by hands with assistance by facial expression ... Read More ...

The Energy-Efficient Control Solutions of Smart Street Lighting Systems: A Review, Issues, and Recommendations

Tarek Abedin; Chong Tak Yaw; Siaw Paw Koh; M.A. Hannan; Sieh Kiong Tiong; Kok Hen Chong; Ahmed N Abdalla; Kharudin Ali

Volume 41, Issue 8 , August 2023, , Page 1034-1057

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.137195.1338

Abstract

The smart street-lighting system (SSLS) is a leading candidate in the smart city. By the time of the last 15 cycles, many meaningful improvements have been executed in the SSLS with ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Effects of Dy2O3 doping on physical and mechanical characteristics of B2O3-TeO2-BaO glass

Saba F. Hathot; Balqees M. Al dabbagh; Haydar Aboud

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 12 January 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.145037.1649

Abstract

A new oxide glass host of the form (50-x) B2O3-25TeO2-25BaO-xDy2O3 (where x was varied from 0 to 1.25 mol%) was prepared using the conventional melt-cast quenching method. The study ... Read More ...

Research Paper

The influence of micro channel on the performance of low concentrator parabolic collector systems with phase change material

Jenan D. Hamdi; Jalal M. Jalil; Ahmed H. Reja

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 05 February 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.144040.1619

Abstract

Increasing global economic development leads to a continuous increase in energy demand, considering the limited conventional resources of energy as well as the impact on the environment ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Effect of the material properties of the rotor-disc on the performance of eddy current braking systems

Ahmed M. Salman; Jamal A.-K. Mohammed; Farag M. Mohammed

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 16 February 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.144221.1625

Abstract

Failure of traditional brakes occurs due to raised temperatures and the formation of structural fractures caused by wear and strain. For resolving mechanical brake problems, consider ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Performance enhancement of PV panels by a channel shaped heat exchanger with an electromechanical control

Hussein A. Idan; Hatam K. Kadhom; Sahar R. Faraj

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 18 February 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.143283.1575

Abstract

Photovoltaic panels are considered one of the important practical applications in converting solar energy into electrical energy, but they suffer from the effect of heat associated ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Realization of an all-optical d and t flip flops with nano-structure using hybrid plasmonic waveguides

Saif H. Abdulwahid; Ahmed G. Wadday; Sinan M. Abdul Sattar

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 16 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.142434.1532

Abstract

Surface waves are electromagnetic waves propagating along the interface between a metal and an insulator. Surface waves break the diffraction limits and enable light to propagate in ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Survey of near-field wireless communication and power transfer for biomedical implants

Hala K. Abduljaleel; Saad Mutashar; Sadik Kamel Gharghan

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 18 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.144480.1636

Abstract

Bio-implanted medical devices with electronic components play a crucial role due to their effectiveness in monitoring and diagnosing diseases, enhancing patient comfort, and ensuring ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Modeling and control of a high-quality electro-hydraulic actuator driven via an induction motor under intelligent indirect vector control

Aws F. Hassan; Jamal A.-K. Mohammed; Walaa M. Hashim

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 21 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.144140.1622

Abstract

Due to its excellent energy efficiency and broad speed range, the variable-speed electro-hydraulic drive is an appealing driving principle in many contemporary industrial applications. ... Read More ...

Research Paper

ANFIS control of four-quadrant DC/DC chopper for wireless EV charging

Hawraa Q. Hameed; Hosham S. Anead; Khalid F. Sultan

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 27 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.146136.1673

Abstract

Wireless charging of electric vehicles (EVs) poses issues like power ripples that reduce battery lifetime. This study proposes a four-quadrant DC/DC chopper controlled by an adaptive ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Experimental analysis and combustion characteristics of briquettes from different wood in nigeria

Oluwaseyi O. Alabi; Timothy A. Adeyi; Sakiru K. Ekun

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 28 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.144659.1640

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable and renewable energy sources has prompted extensive research into alternative biomass fuels, particularly in regions like Nigeria, where traditional ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Computational insights into the thermal performance enhancement of solar air heater channel through metal foam integration

Kadhim Al-Chlaihawi; Moayed R. Hasan; Ali L. Kaied

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 31 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.145706.1660

Abstract

The two-dimensional numerical simulations focused on fluid flow and heat transfer within a solar air heater (SAH) channel incorporating copper metal foam with a porosity of 90% were ... Read More ...

Research Paper

The impact of electronic control systems on improving the performance of the solar heater

Ekram H. Alaskaree; Younus F. Breesam

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 03 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.145174.1652

Abstract

In this study, the effect of an electronic control system (ECS) on the performance of a solar heater fabricated from recycled materials was investigated . The study found that the maximum ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Theoretical and experimental investigation of the effect of heat flux to lift water in a solar bubble pump

Ihab Omar; Ahmed A. M. Saleh; Ahmed N. Alhusseny

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 04 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.145911.1669

Abstract

In remote areas, a scarcity of accessible water poses a significant predicament, and sun-powered propelling contraptions offer promising solutions. It is possible to collect solar energy ... Read More ...

Review Paper

3D Printing for wind turbine blade manufacturing: a review of materials, design optimization, and challenges

Ahmed k. Zarzoor; Alaa A. Jaber; Ahmed A. Shandookh

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 12 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.144841.1646

Abstract

Wind energy has become an easy-to-harness source by converting captured wind currents into electrical energy. Powerful and customizable wind turbines are used to convert wind energy ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Effect of tool profile on micro hardness, forming limit, and final thickness in incremental hole flanging process of DC01 steel and AA1050 sheet metals

Hunar M. Tahir M. Ali; Hameed D. Lafta; Ayad F. Shahab

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 14 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.146281.1677

Abstract

The present study delves into the incremental hole flanging process applied to AA1050 and DC01 sheet metals with 0.7 and 1 mm thicknesses. Employing a distinctive lathe-based fixture, ... Read More ...

Review Paper

Enhancing performance of Double-Slope solar stills through optimization of heat addition methods: a comprehensive analysis

Mariam E. Murad; Wissam H. Alawee; Hayder A. Dhahad; Z.M. Omara

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 15 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.145648.1657

Abstract

This comprehensive research paper reviews the latest techniques to enhance the productivity of double-slope solar stills by providing quantitative data on key research outcomes. With ... Read More ... This comprehensive research paper reviews the latest techniques to enhance the productivity of double-slope solar stills by providing quantitative data on key research outcomes. With the global water scarcity crisis and the need for effective desalination technology, this study focuses on solar-based desalination techniques and their specific application in double-slope solar stills. This paper offers a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of heat addition methods in double-slope solar stills by examining published research findings, providing valuable insights for researchers and practitioners. The study reveals significant improvements in productivity through various modifications. Evaporation enhancement, heat transfer enhancement, and condensation enhancement have proven to be highly effective, resulting in substantial increases in water production. The use of thermoelectric modules in double-slope solar stills has shown a remarkable 250% increase in water production by heating the water in the basin, which enhances evaporation rates and condensation on the glass cover. Moreover, the integration of Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETCs) has demonstrated a notable improvement in double-slope solar stills' life cycle conversion efficiency. The system incorporating ETCs achieved an impressive 59.42% higher efficiency than a system without ETCs, primarily due to the enhanced thermal input provided by ETCs to the solar still's basin. Another significant finding is the six-fold increase in water production achieved by implementing the double-slope solar still with a PV heater (CSSPVH) compared to conventional solar stills (CSS). This substantial improvement positions the CSSPVH design as a highly efficient solution for long-term potable water generation. Furthermore, adding a water heater to the base tank of a solar still has been found to raise water temperature quickly, resulting in a significant boost in production by approximately 370%. However, it is important to note that productivity decreases with increasing wind speed. Even with an outer cooling fan to cool the solar still's glass surface, productivity is reduced by 4% and 8% for wind speeds of 7 m/s and 9 m/s, respectively.

Research Paper

Characterization of alkaline treated raffia palm fibres as reinforcement in polymer composite

Ipilakyaa T, Daniel; Tile S. Emmanuel; Nyior G. Bem; Gundu D. Terfa

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 21 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.147130.1704

Abstract

The characterization of raffia palm fibre (RPF) for reinforcement in polymer composite for specialized applications was studied. The fibres were treated with NaOH solution and subjected ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Modeling and analysis of thermoelectric atmospheric water generation in the economic city of Iraq

Ammar M. al-Tajer; Wissam H. Alawee; Hayder A. Dhahad; Zakaria M. Omara

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.145961.1671

Abstract

Atmospheric Water Generation assumes substantial significance as an innovative remedy for addressing water scarcity and augmenting water resilience. This technology facilitates water ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Estimating the wear behavior of hdpe composites reinforced with nano alumina fillers using taguchi method

Orhan S. Abdullah

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 09 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.147040.1699

Abstract

High-density polyethylene (HDPE), like other polymers is important in many applications due to its unique properties like low cost, weight, and availability. Recently, HDPE reinforced ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Small-Scale thermoelectric incinerator prototype for sustainable waste management and power generation

Yepy K. Sofi’i; Sudarman Sudarman; Roro H. Hendaryati; Suwarsono Suwarsono; Andinusa Rahmandhika; Rizki Hidayatulloh; Muhammad F. Budiman; Galuh W. As'adi; Ramdhan Zaroby; Willy S. Nugroho

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 09 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.146331.1678

Abstract

Indonesia faces a significant challenge in managing its waste effectively. Conventional incineration, while reducing waste volume, raises environmental concerns due to emissions. This ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Exploring the impact resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor through experimental analysis

Waad A. Khalaf; Mohsin N. Hamzah

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 12 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.142961.1555

Abstract

Hybrid composite sandwich structures, known for remarkable energy absorption, rigidity, and strength, are emerging as a preferred choice for fortifying structures against a diverse ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Investigation of white layer thickness, material removal rate, and tool wear rate of Inconel 718 by nano-Al2O3-mixed electrical discharge machining

Dunya A. Ghulam; Abbas F. Ibrahim

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 19 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.146513.1684

Abstract

Nano powder mixed electrical discharge machining (NPMEDM) is an advanced thermo-physical process. It is used to create complex, precise shapes in hard-to-machine materials, such as ... Read More ...

Research Paper

Utilizing remote sensing and aerogeophysical data for spatial decision support system for optimal gold mineralization site identification in North-Central Nigeria

Abdullahi S.; Ejepu J. S.

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 19 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.146400.1681

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive investigation utilizing remote sensing data and aerogeophysical datasets to identify potential economic gold mineralization sites in Zungeru, North-Central ... Read More ... This study presents a comprehensive investigation utilizing remote sensing data and aerogeophysical datasets to identify potential economic gold mineralization sites in Zungeru, North-Central Nigeria. The research objectives include understanding the structural setting, mapping lithologic contacts, and detecting hydrothermally altered zones. Spatial suitability analysis was conducted on processed datasets. Feature-Oriented Principal Component Analysis (Crosta approach) was applied to selected Landsat 8 OLI imagery bands for mapping hydroxyl and iron oxide alterations. Additionally, regional topographic lineaments were mapped using SRTM DEM, and subsurface lineaments were identified using aeromagnetic data. Interpretation of the aeromagnetic data revealed complex anomalies associated with various structural characteristics, such as faults, folds, and fractures. The investigation of hydrothermal alteration zones through gamma-ray spectrometry data and K/eTh ratio analysis demonstrated a significant connection with igneous intrusions, further supported by ternary maps of the radioelements. Five thematic maps representing factors that control gold mineralization were integrated using GIS modeling to identify prospective zones. Five distinct mineral-prospective zones are delineated, showing varying levels of mineralization potential. The "Very Good" to "Good" zones are predominantly aligned in the NNE direction, with some occurrence in the NW quadrant. The spatial correlation with lithological characteristics and lineament features suggests their strong influence on mineral prospectivity. Around 76% of gold mineralization is within the most favorably projected zones. Both models show considerable reliability, with predictive accuracies surpassing 70%, as validated using the ROC/AUC metric. The Fuzzy Logic model showcases the highest predictive efficacy, with a prediction level of 78.3%. The validation results of gold mining sites from the models indicate a percentage agreement of 75%. The study guides future exploration efforts, directing them toward areas with the highest promise of finding gold. This work is instrumental in optimizing resource allocation and maximizing the efficiency of exploration endeavors, paving the way for more targeted and successful gold prospecting in the region.

Review Paper

Parametric analysis for performance and emissions of gasoline direct injection engine using mathematical modelling

Omar M. Yousif; Mahmoud A. Mashkour

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 22 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.146366.1680

Abstract

The study aims to estimate the performance and emissions of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine by analyzing parameters such as engine speed between 2000 and 6000 rpm, compression ... Read More ... The study aims to estimate the performance and emissions of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine by analyzing parameters such as engine speed between 2000 and 6000 rpm, compression ratio (CR) between 9 and 13, and the start of ignition between 140 and 180 deg. A thermodynamic mathematical model was developed using MATLAB to simulate the two-zone combustion process of a four-cylinder, four-stroke direct injection engine operating on gasoline at specified parameters. The results showed that parameter variations greatly affect the performance and emissions of the GDI engine. The highest values of in-cylinder pressure, burned and unburned temperature, cumulative engine power, Carbon monoxide CO and Nitrogen oxide NO emissions were found at low engine speeds, while heat transfer increased as engine speed increased, and it's been noticed that the maximum power per cycle at speed (2000 rpm), fuel injection pressure (40 MPa), and S.O. ignition angle (165). Increasing the compression ratio between 9 and 13 increased cylinder pressure, but it is observed that a compression ratio has a minimal effect on the temperature in both the burned and unburned areas. Cumulative engine power and heat transfer decreased when the compression ratio rose, and the percentage mole fraction of CO and NO emissions decreased with increasing CR. The engine observed maximum power per cycle at a compression ratio of 10, an engine speed of 2000 rpm, and a cylinder bore/stroke ratio of 100%. Advancing the spark timing increased in-cylinder pressure and burned and unburned temperatures while delaying the ignition timing increased heat transfer. It is also noticed that in cylinder pressure, burned, and unburned temperatures increase when spark timing is advanced. As the ignition timing was delayed, heat transfer increased. In contrast, the minimum cumulative engine power at the advanced spark timing and the peak power values at the ignition angle were 170 deg. The peak values of the percentage mole fraction of CO and NO emissions at early spark timing. Also, maximum power per cycle at ignition angle (170 deg.), engine speed (1500 rpm), and engine load (75%).

Research Paper

Slenderness effect on the behavior of composite RC columns under eccentric loads

Zaynab S. Mohammed; Bassman R. Muhammad; Ali S. Resheq

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 02 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.147078.1702

Abstract

The structural performance of reinforced concrete (RC) columns plays a pivotal role in ensuring the safety and stability of buildings and infrastructure. In structural engineering, ... Read More ... The structural performance of reinforced concrete (RC) columns plays a pivotal role in ensuring the safety and stability of buildings and infrastructure. In structural engineering, the quest for optimizing the design and behavior of RC columns has been a persistent pursuit. This research is focused on the columns having a “large” height that the secondary bending moments induced will affect the behavior of the RC column element. Therefore, one critical aspect that has garnered considerable attention is the influence of slenderness on the behavior of these columns, particularly when subjected to eccentric loading. As structures become taller and larger, slenderness is valuable to meet the demands of modern architectural design and urbanization, and understanding how slenderness affects the response of composite RC columns becomes increasingly vital. This study is focused on the strength of composite RC slender columns under eccentric loading. As such, it aims to contribute valuable insights to structural engineering, ultimately enhancing our ability to design resilient and efficient structural systems in a world where tall and slender buildings continue to shape our urban landscapes. Due to its numerous benefits, the concrete-steel composite column with a partially enclosed or full steel section encasement is currently more attractive to people than the reinforced concrete column. Strengthening RC columns by steel channel cross-section embedded in the column will contribute to the column stiffness for ultimate strength capacity and decrease the lateral deformation. Twelve RC columns were tested under eccentric loading, a rectangular cross-section of (150×200) mm. Six have a steel structural channel embedded in the cross-section, while the rest of the RC columns have the same cross-section properties but without a steel channel inside. The improvement in column capacity was (65 to 74)% for columns under moderate eccentricity axial loading and (35 to 50)% for columns under large eccentricity axial loading. Also, the improvement in column stiffness for the lateral deflection was (142 to 69)% for columns under moderate eccentricity axial loading and 84% to 87% for columns under large eccentricity axial loading.

Research Paper

Mechanical and thermal performance of engineered cementitious composite concrete produced by using polyvinyl alcohol fibers

Harith M. AL-Masraf; Tareq S. AL-Attar; Qais J. Freyyah

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 02 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.146641.1691

Abstract

The inclusion of polyvinyl alcohol fiber (PVA) into an engineered cementitious composite (ECC) material is essential to impart mechanical and thermal properties, in addition to the ... Read More ...

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